Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying excess moisture stress tolerance in maize: molecular breeding opportunities to increase yield potential.

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-317
Author(s):  
Sudha K. Nair ◽  
Pervez Haider Zaidi ◽  
Madhumal Thayil Vinayan ◽  
Gajanan Saykhedkar
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Excess Moisture ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Understanding the impact of excess moisture (EM) on maize plants at various growth stages, and studying the phenological, physiological and molecular responses of tolerant maize genotypes towards adaptation to EM stress, could help define ways in which this trait could be improved through targeted breeding. Thus, this chapter discusses the (i) impact of EM stress on maize plants, (ii) phenological adaptations and physiological mechanisms leading to EM stress tolerance in maize, and (iii) molecular signature of EM stress tolerance. Genetic studies on EM stress tolerance in maize are presented, and the application of molecular mreeding for EM tolerance in maize is described.

scholarly journals Effect of moisture stress on leaf protein, proline, peroxidise activity and yield in released and pre-released genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-264
Author(s):  
H.Y. Patil ◽  
Pooja ◽  
V.P. Chimmad
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Peroxidase Enzyme ◽  
Rain Fall ◽  
The Impact

The performance of crops need to be assessed for their production under erratic rain fall pattern, increased temperatures, and enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentration. In the present study groundnut was chosen as test crop and selected genotypes [four released (GPBD-4, G2-52, Dh-86 and TMV-2) and four pre-released (Dh-245, Dh-232, Dh-256 and Dh-257)] were studied to quantify the impact of moisture deficit stress at critical growth stages i.e., 40 to 80 DAS and 80 DAS to harvest. Leaf protein and proline increases in tolerant genotypes at higher moisture stress levels than susceptible genotypes as they acts as osmolytes and maintains the turgidity of the cell and hence, checks the water loss and peroxidase enzyme activity which in turn scavenges ROS produced due to stress as a result there was reduction in yield. The genotypes, GPBD-4, Dh-257 and Dh-256 recorded higher per cent increase in leaf soluble protein, leaf proline and peroxidase enzyme activity at all the stages. Increase was higher at 80 DAS to harvest stressed plants than 40 to 80 DAS stressed plants.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN NEW COTTON CULTIVARS USING STRESS TOLERANCE INDICES

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minka KOLEVA ◽  
Valentina DIMITROVA
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
Stress Environment ◽  
Stress Susceptibility ◽  
Tolerance Indices

Drought is a wide-spread problem seriously influencing production and quality ofcotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), but development of resistant cultivars is hamperedby the lack of effective selection criteria. The objective of this study was toevaluate the ability of several selection indices to identify drought tolerant cultivarsunder different environmental conditions. Thirteen cotton cultivars were evaluatedunder both moisture stress (2016) and non-stress (2013) field environments using arandomized complete block design for each environment. Six drought toleranceindices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI),tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity(GMP) and mean harmonic productivity (HMP) were used. The significant andpositive correlation of yield of genotype under non-stress condition (Yp) and MP,GMP and STI showed that these indices were more effective in identifying highyielding cultivars under different moisture conditions. The results of calculatedgain from indirect selection in moisture stress environment would improve yieldbetter than selection from non moisture stress environment. Coton breeders should,therefore, take into account the stress severity of the environment in choosing anindex. The varieties Viki and Avangard-264 had the highest yields under non-stressconditions. Vega and Chirpan-539 varieties had a low yield potential and showed ahigh stress tolerance to drought.

scholarly journals Poaceae Orthologs of Rice OsSGL, DUF1645 Domain-Containing Genes, Positively Regulate Drought Tolerance, Grain Length and Weight in Rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Mingjuan Li ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Yanchun Cui ◽  
Xuming Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Grain Length ◽  
Drought Stress Tolerance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Seed Setting Percentage

Abstract BackgroundGrain yield is a polygenic trait influenced by environmental and genetic interactions at all growth stages of the cereal plant. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for coordinating the trade-off or cross-talk between these traits remain elusive.ResultsWe characterized the hitherto unknown function of four STRESS_tolerance and GRAIN_LENGTH (OsSGL) Poaceae ortholog genes, all encoding DUF1645 domain-containing proteins, in simultaneous regulation of grain length, grain weight, and drought stress-tolerance in rice. In normal growth conditions, the four ortholog genes were mainly expressed in the developing roots and panicles of the corresponding species. Over-expressing or heterologous high-level expressing Poaceae OsSGL ortholog genes conferred remarkably increased grain length, weight, and seed setting percentage, as well as significantly improved drought-stress tolerance in transgenic rice. Microscopical analysis also showed that the transgene expression promoted cell division and development. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed 73.8% (18,711) overlapped DEGs in all transgenic plants. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in drought stress-response belonged to hormone (especially auxin and cytokinin) pathways, and signaling processes were apparently affected in the young panicles. ConclusionTogether, these results suggest the four OsSGL orthologs perform a conserved function in regulating stress-tolerance and cell growth by acting via a hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathway. It may also induce a strategy for tailor-made crop yield improvement.

scholarly journals The genetic and molecular basis for improving heat stress tolerance in wheat

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lv Sun ◽  
Jingjing Wen ◽  
Huiru Peng ◽  
Yingyin Yao ◽  
Zhaorong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Heat Stress Tolerance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWheat production requires at least ~ 2.4% increase per year rate by 2050 globally to meet food demands. However, heat stress results in serious yield loss of wheat worldwide. Correspondingly, wheat has evolved genetic basis and molecular mechanisms to protect themselves from heat-induced damage. Thus, it is very urgent to understand the underlying genetic basis and molecular mechanisms responsive to elevated temperatures to provide important strategies for heat-tolerant varieties breeding. In this review, we focused on the impact of heat stress on morphology variation at adult stage in wheat breeding programs. We also summarize the recent studies of genetic and molecular factors regulating heat tolerance, including identification of heat stress tolerance related QTLs/genes, and the regulation pathway in response to heat stress. In addition, we discuss the potential ways to improve heat tolerance by developing new technologies such as genome editing. This review of wheat responses to heat stress may shed light on the understanding heat-responsive mechanisms, although the regulatory network of heat tolerance is still ambiguous in wheat.

scholarly journals Identifying drought tolerant wheat varieties using different indices

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
RP Meena ◽  
SC Tripathi ◽  
S Chander ◽  
RS Chookar ◽  
Msamrutha A Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Moisture stress is a major constraint in productivity across the wheat growing zones of India. Climate change and uneven rainfall further aggravate the situation under moisture stress environments. Wheat genotypes capable of giving increased yield under a broad range of optimal and sub-optimal water availability are considered desirable. This study was undertaken to evaluate various selection indices of moisture stress and their applicability in identifying drought tolerant wheat genotypes which can adapt to various moisture stressed environments in different wheat growing zones of India i.e., North Western Plain Zone, North Eastern Plain Zone, Central Zone and Peninsular Zone. A set of wheat genotypes were tested under moisture stress condition of different irrigation regimes. Irrigation treatments were arranged as main plots and varieties as sub plots. Fifteen wheat varieties representing major wheat growing zones of India were tested for water stress tolerance during two consecutive years. It was found that yield under irrigated conditions (Ypi), yield under stress conditions (Ysi) and lower stress tolerance index (STI), were marked indices for stress tolerance. Significantly positive correlation of Ypi and Ysi with STI, mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) were obtained during both the years of the study. The indices of STI, MP and GMP could be used as the desirable indices for screening drought tolerant varieties. On the basis of findings of these indices wheat varieties NI-5439, WH-1021 and HD-2733 were found having higher stress tolerance and with better yield potential under both normal and restricted irrigation conditions of India.SAARC J. Agri., 13(1): 148-161 (2015)

scholarly journals Soybean Yield Formation Physiology – A Foundation for Precision Breeding Based Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Vogel ◽  
Weidong Liu ◽  
Paula Olhoft ◽  
Steven J. Crafts-Brandner ◽  
Joyce C. Pennycooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Precision Breeding ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
The Impact

The continued improvement of crop yield is a fundamental driver in agriculture and is the goal of both plant breeders and researchers. Plant breeders have been remarkably successful in improving crop yield, as demonstrated by the continued release of varieties with improved yield potential. This has largely been accomplished through performance-based selection, without specific knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these improvements. Insight into molecular mechanisms has been provided by plant molecular, genetic, and biochemical research through elucidation of the function of genes and pathways that underlie many of the physiological processes that contribute to yield potential. Despite this knowledge, the impact of most genes and pathways on yield components have not been tested in key crops or in a field environment for yield assessment. This gap is difficult to bridge, but field-based physiological knowledge offers a starting point for leveraging molecular targets to successfully apply precision breeding technologies such as genome editing. A better understanding of both the molecular mechanisms underlying crop yield physiology and yield limiting processes under field conditions is essential for elucidating which combinations of favorable alleles are required for yield improvement. Consequently, one goal in plant biology should be to more fully integrate crop physiology, breeding, genetics, and molecular knowledge to identify impactful precision breeding targets for relevant yield traits. The foundation for this is an understanding of yield formation physiology. Here, using soybean as an example, we provide a top-down review of yield physiology, starting with the fact that yield is derived from a population of plants growing together in a community. We review yield and yield-related components to provide a basic overview of yield physiology, synthesizing these concepts to highlight how such knowledge can be leveraged for soybean improvement. Using genome editing as an example, we discuss why multiple disciplines must be brought together to fully realize the promise of precision breeding-based crop improvement.

scholarly journals Physiological and molecular mechanism of tolerance of two maize genotypes under multiple abiotic stresses.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suphia Rafique
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Multiple Stresses ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Root Proteome ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Insight Into

Abiotic stresses are the major threat to crops regardless of their nature, duration, and frequency, their occurrence either singly, and or combination is deleterious for the plant growth and development. Maize is the most important crop largely grown in the tropical regions in the summer rainy season, often facing a stress combination of drought and waterlogging. We previously showed under multiple stresses up-regulated leaf proteins of maize plants were involved to enhance the tolerance mechanism of tolerant genotype. Whereas, in susceptible genotypes up-regulated proteins ameliorate to survive the stressful condition. Further to understand the response of roots proteome under multiple stresses was determined using the 2DE technique. The results of the root proteome show the up-regulated proteins of CML49 genotype (tolerant) are involved in enhancing the N content, cell wall remodeling, and acclimatization during the stresses. Up-regulated proteins of CML100 genotype (sensitive) are stressed markers of roots' primary and secondary metabolism. However, the root proteome of both genotypes correlates with the leaf proteome (previous). Therefore, the present study and our previous results provide comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms of tolerance in multiple abiotic stresses of maize plants.

scholarly journals Comparative metabolic profile of maize genotypes reveals the tolerance mechanism associated under combined stresses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suphia Rafique
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Disruption ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Combined Stresses ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDrought, heat, high temperature, waterlogging, low-N stress, and salinity are the major environmental constraints that limit plant productivity. In tropical regions maize grown during the summer rainy season, and often faces irregular rains patterns, which causes drought, and waterlogging simultaneously along with low-N stress and thus affects crop growth and development. The two maize genotypes CML49 and CML100 were subjected to combination of abiotic stresses concurrently (drought and low-N / waterlogging and low-N). Metabolic profiling of leaf and roots of two genotypes was completed using GC-MS technique. The aim of study to reveal the differential response of metabolites in two maize genotypes under combination of stresses and to understand the tolerance mechanism. The results of un-targeted metabolites analysis show, the accumulated metabolites of tolerant genotype (CML49) in response to combined abiotic stresses were related to defense, antioxidants, signaling and some metabolites indirectly involved in nitrogen restoration of the maize plant. Alternatively, some metabolites of sensitive genotype (CML100) were regulated in response to defense, while other metabolites were involved in membrane disruption and also as the signaling antagonist. Therefore, the present study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of tolerance under various stresses of maize plants, that governed on the regulation of cell wall remodeling, maintain metabolic homeostasis, defense against the pathogen, proper signaling, and restore growth under stress conditions.

scholarly journals Mucosal acidosis elicits a unique molecular signature in epithelia and intestinal tissue mediated by GPR31-induced CREB phosphorylation

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (20) ◽  
pp. e2023871118
Author(s):  
Ian M. Cartwright ◽  
Alexander S. Dowdell ◽  
Jordi M. Lanis ◽  
Kathryn R. Brink ◽  
Andrew Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
Ph Homeostasis ◽  
Creb Phosphorylation ◽  
The Impact

Metabolic changes associated with tissue inflammation result in significant extracellular acidosis (EA). Within mucosal tissues, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have evolved adaptive strategies to cope with EA through the up-regulation of SLC26A3 to promote pH homeostasis. We hypothesized that EA significantly alters IEC gene expression as an adaptive mechanism to counteract inflammation. Using an unbiased RNA sequencing approach, we defined the impact of EA on IEC gene expression to define molecular mechanisms by which IEC respond to EA. This approach identified a unique gene signature enriched in cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated gene targets. Utilizing loss- and gain-of-function approaches in cultured epithelia and murine colonoids, we demonstrate that EA elicits prominent CREB phosphorylation through cyclic AMP-independent mechanisms that requires elements of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that EA signals through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR31 to promote induction of FosB, NR4A1, and DUSP1. These studies were extended to an in vivo murine model in conjunction with colonization of a pH reporter Escherichia coli strain that demonstrated significant mucosal acidification in the TNFΔARE model of murine ileitis. Herein, we observed a strong correlation between the expression of acidosis-associated genes with bacterial reporter sfGFP intensity in the distal ileum. Finally, the expression of this unique EA-associated gene signature was increased during active inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease but not in the patient control samples. These findings establish a mechanism for EA-induced signals during inflammation-associated acidosis in both murine and human ileitis.

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