Pond culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium nipponense in China.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yi ◽  
Zong-wen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Macrobrachium Nipponense ◽  
The North ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
One Year ◽  
Commercial Feeds

Abstract In China, conditioning of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) broodstock is conducted in earthen ponds at a density of 45-60 g m-2, at a ratio of 3-4 females to 1 male (Liu, 2004). Mixed feed and fresh food of animal origin are used for broodstock. Mating occurs when temperature rises above 18°C. Gravid prawn are stocked in cages at a density of 0.5 kg cage-1. After 20-25 days, prawn larvae hatch. Nursing is done in earthen ponds at a density of 2,000 prawns m-2. When the larvae grow to 0.8-1.0 cm long, the density should be reduced to 1,000 prawns m-2 or lower. After nursing for 20-30 days, when the prawns reach more than 1.0 cm, they can be stocked in grow-out systems. Two crops are possible in one year in south China and one crop in the north. Commercial feeds containing 35-40% crude protein are used to feed prawns.

The effect of stage of maturity on the yield and chemical composition of oats for haymaking

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
The North ◽  
Fibre Yield ◽  
One Year

1. Ayr Line Potato oats was studied in the later stages of development for 3 years under upland conditions in Kincardineshire, Scotland. Some major changes in yield and chemical composition of the crop and certain effects of haymaking have been demonstrated.2. In each year, between the ‘milky’ stage and full ripeness of the grain, the growth curve falls into the distinct phases of growth, maturity and senescence when dry-matter loss occurs. The position of the peak yield in terms of stage of maturity varies from year to year.3. Percentage crude protein is low throughout, falling to a minimum after the early ‘milky’ stage and rising again to a maximum at the last cut. Yield of crude protein is highest at the last cut in one year and at the penultimate cut in two years.4. Percentage crude fibre tends to decrease with increasing maturity, while crude fibre yield is low at both extremes of the experimental period.5. More detailed chemical analyses at different stages of maturity show total ash content to be low. The content of calcium is especially poor.6. Separation of the whole of the aerial part of the plant into leaf, stem and inflorescence shows that chemical constituents are being actively re-distributed throughout the plant during the experimental period; with the exception of crude fibre and calcium all constituents estimated tend to be concentrated in the grain with advancing maturity.7. In one year, dry-matter losses during curing range from 22 to 7% at the first and last cuts respectively, while corresponding figures for crude protein are 18 and 10%.8. In the absence of digestibility data and feeding trials under Scottish conditions, the tentative conclusion is drawn that in the higher rainfall areas of the north and west where the crop is most likely to be used, cutting between the late ‘milky’ and late cheesy' stages should give optimum results.9. Attention is drawn to the need for caution in the general application of the results.

Seed production and grow-out of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) in Vietnam.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Khanh Pham
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Climbing Perch ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
Rice Fish ◽  
Commercial Feeds

Abstract Broodfish conditioning of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) is conducted in earthen ponds with a density of 2-4 kg m-2, at a 1:1 male to female ratio. Homemade or commercial feeds containing 22-25% crude protein are given as feed for the broodfish. To induce spawning, HCG and LH-RHa are used. Nursing from fry to fingerlings is done in earthen ponds with densities of 500-600 fry m-2. After nursing for 50-60 days, when the fish reach 4-5 cm length, they are harvested and stocked in grow-out systems. Fingerlings are stocked in grow-out ponds at a density of 20 fish m-2. Homemade and commercial feeds containing 22-25% crude protein are used to feed fish. After 6 months, the fish can reach the marketable size of 60-100 g per fish. The stocking density of fish in rice fields is lower, at 3 m-2. They feed on natural food found in the rice field. Homemade feeds are also added as supplementary feed. Rice-fish culture covers two continuous paddy rice cropping periods, or one paddy rice crop and one flooded crop.

scholarly journals Undeclared (Poly)phosphates Detection in Food of Animal Origin as a Potential Tool toward Fraud Prevention

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1547
Author(s):  
Radmila Pavlovic ◽  
Federica Di Cesare ◽  
Francesca Longo ◽  
Franco Abballe ◽  
Sara Panseri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Conductometric Detection ◽  
Q Exactive ◽  
Phosphate Treatment ◽  
Potential Tool ◽  
Vulnerable Population Groups

(Poly)phosphates are approved as water-preserving and emulsifying agents that improve the appearance and consistency of many food products. The labelling of added (poly)phosphates is essential for protecting vulnerable population groups and to prevent unfair trade practices resulting in economic fraud. The problems with (poly)phosphates’ utilisation concerns both analytical and legislative issues, such as: (1) their straightforward detection; (2) excessive addition altering freshness perception and misleading consumers; (3) uncontrolled usage increasing foodstuff weight; (4) application in products where they are not permitted; and (5) no indication on the label. Bearing all these issues in mind, the main purpose of this study was the quantification and screening of the (poly)phosphates profile in meat, marine and dairy products (160 samples), of which 43 were without declared (poly)phosphate treatment. Analysis was completed by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography either with conductometric detection or coupled to Q-Exactive Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although the (poly)phosphates profiles varied greatly according to species and processing type, the following criteria for detection of illicit treatment were established: high orthophosphate level, quantified short-chain (poly)phosphate anions and the presence of long-chain forms. In conclusion, the instrumental platforms used in this study can be recommended to inspection bodies as reliable methods for the detection of food adulteration with (poly)phosphates.

Food of animal origin and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma: A review of the literature and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Caini ◽  
Giovanna Masala ◽  
Patrizia Gnagnarella ◽  
Ilaria Ermini ◽  
William Russell-Edu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Robinson H. Mdegela ◽  
Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽  
Bachana Rubegwa ◽  
Daniel T. Gebeyehu ◽  
Solange Niyigena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Food Animals

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. The increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education, may be predisposed to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. This study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles and governance of antimicrobials, establish the pattern and extent of their use, evaluate the antimicrobial residues and resistance in the food animals and crop agriculture value chains, and relate these findings to existing strategies in place for combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Tanzania. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported, especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An increase in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. The pathogens isolated in animals were resistant to ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An increased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crop production were observed. A One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include (a) legislation review and implementation; (b) antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR and antimicrobial residue (AR) awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain; (c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR; (d) enhanced development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and the promotion of biosecurity principles; and (e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

The Segregation of Black Students at Oberlin College after Reconstruction

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cally L. Waite
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Educational History ◽  
College Curriculum ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oberlin College ◽  
One Year

The community of Oberlin, Ohio, located in the northeast corner of the state, holds an important place in the history of the education of Black Americans. In 1834, one year after its founding, the trustees of Oberlin College agreed to admit students, “irrespective of color.” They were the only college, at that time, to adopt such a policy. Oberlin's history as the first college to admit Black students and its subsequent abolitionist activities are crucial to the discussion of Black educational history. Opportunities for education before the Civil War were not common for most of the American population, but for Blacks, these opportunities were close to nonexistent. In the South, it was illegal for Blacks to learn to read or write. In the North, there was limited access to public schooling for Black families. In addition, during the early nineteenth century there were no Black colleges for students to attend. Although Bowdoin College boasted the first Black graduate in 1827, few other colleges before the Civil War opened their doors to Black students. Therefore, the opportunity that Oberlin offered to Black students was extraordinarily important. The decision to admit Black students to the college, and offer them the same access to the college curriculum as their white classmates, challenged the commonly perceived notion of Blacks as childlike, inferior, and incapable of learning.

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