The effect of bait design on bait consumption in termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Evans ◽  
P.V. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Minimal Time ◽  
Bait Stations

AbstractThe efficacy of baiting as a pest control method relies on the bait appealing to the pest species. In the case of wood-eating termites, bait stations should be designed to encourage termite presence and to maximize their consumption of bait matrix in order to expedite control in minimal time. A field experiment examined the effect of bait size (one large bait or four small baits of equivalent total size, with commensurate inspection and replacement schedules), compaction (tightly rolled or loosely folded) and composition (paper only or paper plus wood) on termite presence and on untreated bait paper removal rates over four months. All three factors were significant, with bait size the most important factor, followed by compaction and then composition. The least effective baits were small, compacted (rolled) paper-only baits with monthly inspections; these had the highest abandonment rate (70%) and had the least paper removed (mean of 24 g). The most effective baits were large, folded paper-plus-wood baits with inspections at two months; these had the lowest abandonment rate (20%) and had the highest paper removal (mean of 112 g). The more than four-fold difference between these baits types demonstrates that bait efficacy can be altered considerably merely by changing bait design without adding new ingredients to the bait matrix.

scholarly journals Degradation of Landfill Leachate Using UV-TiO2 Photocatalysis Combination with Aged Waste Reactors

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Chunlian Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Sun ◽  
Huijun Shan ◽  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
Beidou Xi
Keyword(s):  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Removal Rates

This study explored the performance of TiO2 nanoparticles in combination with aged waste reactors to treat landfill leachate. The optimum conditions for synthesis of TiO2 were determined by a series of characterizations and removal rates of methyl orange. The effect of the ultraviolet irradiation time, amount of the catalyst, and pH on the removal efficiency for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color in the leachate was explored to determine the optimal process conditions, which were 500 min, 4 g/L and 8.88, respectively. The removal rates for COD and chroma under three optimal conditions were obtained by the single factor control method: 89% and 70%; 95.56% and 70%; and 85% and 87.5%, respectively. Under optimal process conditions, the overall average removal rates for ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N) and COD in the leachate for the combination of TiO2 nanoparticles and an aged waste reactor were 98.8% and 32.5%, respectively, and the nitrate (NO3−–N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2–N) concentrations were maintained at 7–9 and 0.01–0.017 mg/L, respectively. TiO2 nanoparticles before and after the photocatalytic reaction were characterized by emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. In addition, TiO2 nanoparticles have excellent recyclability, showing the potential of the photocatalytic/biological combined treatment of landfill leachate. This simulation of photocatalysis-landfilling could be a baseline study for the implementation of technology at the pilot scale.

scholarly journals Evaluation of New Systemic Insecticides for Elm Insect Pest Control

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Casey Sclar ◽  
Whitney S. Cranshaw
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Systemic Activity ◽  
Systemic Insecticides

Abstract Use of systemic insecticides that can be injected either into the root system or trunk of woody plants provides several potential advantages, notably in control of drift during application. Recently, new classes of insecticides with systemic activity have been developed, which may supplant the organophosphate and carbamate systemic insecticides that have previously been available. To evaluate their potential to control insects affecting shade trees, studies were conducted using imidacloprid and abamectin on elm. Soil injections of imidacloprid appeared particularly effective, controlling all three of the target pest species in this study (elm leaf beetle, European elm scale, elm leaf aphid). Both imidacloprid and abamectin also were effective against at least some elm insects when injected into trunks. Persistence of irnidacloprid was unusually long, providing second season control of all elm insect pests, although root uptake following soil injections was slow.

scholarly journals Examination of Acephate Absorption, Transport, Metabolism, and Accumulation in Maize After Root Irrigation for Spodoptera Frugiperda Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
jiyingzi Wu ◽  
xianjia Li ◽  
ruiquan Hou ◽  
kunyu Zhao ◽  
yongqin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Maize Plants

Abstract BACKGROUND: Since the invasion of the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda) in China in January 2019, damage to maize crops has gradually intensified, and chemical control has become the main control measure. This study aimed to examine methods of effective pest control while monitoring the environmental impact of pesticide use. The effectiveness of S. frugiperda pest control by foliar spraying and root irrigation of maize plants with acephate was determined, and the absorption, distribution, and dissipation of acephate and methamidophos by maize were studied.RESULTS: Field trials showed that acephate treatment at 6000 g.a.i ha-1 was the most effective for controlling S. frugiperda. Acephate and methamidophos were absorbed from the roots, transported upward, and concentrated in the leaves, particularly new leaves. The terminal residues of acephate and methamidophos in maize grains were below detectable levels at 60 days after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that acephate treatment via root irrigation can more effectively control the infestation of S. frugiperda in maize than acephate treatment via foliar spraying. The translocation and distribution of acephate and methamidophos by root irrigation were more uniform, and the holding efficiency was higher than those in foliar spraying, suggesting an extended period of control efficacy. This pest control method could be utilized to reduce pesticide residues while safely and efficiently controlling S. frugiperda infestation.

scholarly journals Penggunaan metode algoritma wagner within dalam upaya pengendalian persediaan scrap besi di PT XYZ

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-73
Author(s):  
Somadi ◽  
Syah Rajendra Hari Septa ◽  
Nila Dahlia Juita
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Lot Size ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Smoothing Methods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Iron Scrap ◽  
Total Inventory

The research objective is to determine the total size of the lot of iron scrap orders, and the total cost of the company's inventory before and after carrying out the method of controlling iron scrap inventory using the Wagner Within Algorithm method. Demand forecasting uses the Single Moving Averge, Weight Moving Average, and Exponential Smoothing methods. Based on the results of the study, the total lot size of iron scrap material orders is smaller than the size of previous lot orders without using the inventory control method, which is 15,362 tons per year. Total inventory of Rp. 105,076,125,840 and the total cost is more optimal when compared with the total cost of inventory with the company system that is Rp. 109,734,165,840 so that the company can save costs by Rp. 4,658,040,000.

scholarly journals Field selectivity of a spinosad-poisoned bait toward target tephritids and non-target insects

2014 ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Infusino ◽  
Nino Iannotta ◽  
Stefano Scalercio
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Insect Monitoring

One of the key-points in sustainable agriculture is to minimize the amount of pesticides inputs in agro-ecosystems increasing selectivity of active agents on target pests mainly. According to this perspective, control strategies utilising baits receive a growing interest. a spinosad-poisoned sugar-based bait, the so called GF-120 bait, utilised against diptera Tephritidae, recently appeared on the market. The toxicity of spinosad for non-target insects is demonstrated by several authors. However, the amount of pesticide applied is strongly reduced by using it with an attractive food-bait, even if field evidences on the selective attraction of this bait are missing. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the selectivity of GF-120 bait toward target and non-target insects under field conditions, focussing our attention on pollinators. Field trials were performed in a 20 years old olive orchard, where 12 baited and 12 unbaited traps were positioned for insect monitoring. The abundance of the most common orders of insects and target pest species Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata has been assessed. The main finding of this research is that many pollinators are not attracted by the bait, while target and non-target diptera are significantly attracted by the bait with the exception of Muscidae. The attraction toward a part of non-target diptera should be better explored in order to avoid negative impact on beneficial and non-target species. The need of pest control strategies safer for the environment and the wild populations of non-target organisms seems to be satisfied by the use of this bait.

scholarly journals The successful eradication of introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island using diphacinone, followed by an irruption of house mice (Mus musculus)

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Witmer ◽  
Frank Boyd ◽  
Zandy Hillis-Starr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
National Monument ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Bait Stations

The United States National Park Service and the United States Wildlife Services made a planned and sustained effort to eradicate the introduced roof rats (Rattus rattus) from Buck Island Reef National Monument in the Caribbean Sea during 1998–2000. The rats were causing substantial damage to a variety of the 80-ha island’s floral and faunal resources. An island-wide grid of elevated bait stations containing anticoagulant (0.005% diphacinone; 50 ppm) rodenticide bait blocks were used to eradicate the rats. The bait stations were modified several times to assure ready access by rats while minimising access by non-target animals, especially crabs and birds. Numerous post-project trapping sessions over six years resulted in no rat captures, suggesting that, indeed, the rats had been eradicated from the island. No non-target losses resulting from the baiting program were observed by field personnel, but they noted what appeared to be a recovery of some of the island’s floral and faunal resources. There have been no depredations of endangered sea turtle nests since the eradication. Post-project monitoring sessions revealed the presence of a growing house mouse (Mus musculus) population on the island. The threats posed by, and potential management strategies for, this introduced pest species are being investigated. This is the first successful rat eradication on a sizable island, using diphacinone bait blocks with a unique, elevated bait-station system. Diphacinone can provide an alternative to the highly toxic brodifacoum and may help reduce non-target hazards in some situations, although several applications are generally required.

Mathematical Model for Chip Serration Frequency in Turning of Stainless Steel with Magnetic Damping from Bottom of Tool Shank

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
A.K.M. Nurul Amin ◽  
Fawaz Mohsen Abdullah ◽  
Muammer Din Arif ◽  
Israd H. Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chip Morphology ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Serrated Chip ◽  
Tool Shank

Chatter, a violent and often unpredictable relative oscillatory motion between the tool and work-piece, is a serious concern in turning operations. Its occurrence is usually associated with a loud monotonous sound and usually results in increased surface roughness, reduced material removal rates, shortened tool life, and damaged machine-tool bearings. The established theories for chatter are very limited in scope and are often contradicted by empirical evidences. Therefore, chatter avoidance in the past has relied on inefficient techniques like limiting material removal rates or expensive setups such as actuators and ultrasonic vibration damping systems. However, a deeper investigation into chatter formation reveals that chip morphology and segmentation play a significant role during the incidence of chatter. The novel Resonance theory of chatter combines the concept of mode coupling of the machining setup and serrated chip formation, to explain and predict chatter. To validate the postulates of this theory, models for chip serration frequency are essential. At the same time, a reliable and economical chatter control method is required. With this goal, the current research work has developed an empirical mathematical model of chip serration frequency in turning of stainless steel AISI 304 using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Also, it investigated the influence of damping provided by magnetic field from a permanent ferrite magnet placed beneath the tool shank. The developed chip serration model is in good accord with the experimental data, demonstrating that the empirical model could be used for further chip morphology and chatter analyses.

Importance of intercropping for biodiversity conservation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 709-716
Author(s):  
M. Mala ◽  
M. M. I. Mollah ◽  
M. Baishnab
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Resource Concentration

Traditional there are two strategies to handle pest problems in crop production, either dependence on non-chemical agricultural practices (such as cultural, mechanical, biological practices etc.) or reliance on existing natural pest control mechanisms. Intercropping is a cultural non-chemical agricultural practice where two or more crops are grown on the same field in a year with different cropping patterns. In this multiple cropping system, biodiversity and pest suppression are increased. Biodiversity can restore the natural elements of agro ecosystem because almost all favorable elements of natural enemies are available in diversified agro ecosystem. Energy intensive modern technology in agriculture is one of the vital causes for loss of biodiversity. In intercropping system biological pest control method can be ensured with higher level of crop diversity instead of energy intensive agriculture. Intercropping provides different benefits on pest management with two available hypotheses or mechanism. One of the hypotheses is the ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ and another is the ‘natural enemies hypothesis’. Intercropping, directly and indirectly, influences to increase biodiversity which results in reduction of pest densities in crop fields. As a result, less expense for use of pesticide is required and finally higher yield also add some financial benefits. Intercropping system utilizes inherent ability of plant to protect pests. Therefore further knowledge about genotypic crop diversity, diversity of natural enemies, chemically-mediated mechanisms of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) will be effective for further improvement of intercropping system for greater benefits.

scholarly journals Genome and transcriptome analysis of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua reveals targets for pest control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Simon ◽  
Thijmen Breeschoten ◽  
Hans J Jansen ◽  
Ron P Dirks ◽  
M. Eric Schranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Beet Armyworm ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Hybrid Genome

Background: The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes some of the most infamous insect pests of cultivated plants including Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. To effectively develop targeted pest control strategies for diverse Spodoptera species, genomic resources are highly desired. To this aim, we provide the genome assembly and developmental transcriptome comprising all major life stages of S. exigua, the beet armyworm. Spodoptera exigua is a polyphagous herbivore that can feed from > 130 host plants including several economically important crops. Results: The 419 Mb beet armyworm genome was sequenced from a female S. exigua pupa. Using a hybrid genome sequencing approach (Nanopore long read data and Illumina short read), a high-quality genome assembly was achieved (N50=1.1 Mb). An official gene set (OGS, 18,477 transcripts) was generated by automatic annotation and by using transcriptomic RNA-seq data sets of 18 S. exigua samples as supporting evidence. In-depth analyses of developmental stage-specific expression in combination with gene tree analyses of identified homologous genes across Lepidoptera genomes revealed potential Spodoptera-specific genes of interest such as mg7 and REPAT46 upregulated during 1st and 3rd instar larval stages for targeted pest-outbreak management. Conclusions: The beet armyworm genome sequence and developmental transcriptome covering all major developmental stages provides critical insights into the biology of this devastating polyphagous insect pest species with a worldwide distribution. In addition, comparative genomic analyses across Lepidoptera significantly advance our knowledge to further control other invasive Spodoptera species and reveals potential lineage-specific target genes for pest control strategies.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN PESTISIDA PADA PETANI BAWANG MERAH DI DESA WOMBO MPANAU KECAMATAN TANANTOVEA KABUPATEN DONGGALA

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Tri Satyani ◽  
Arfan Arfan ◽  
Sayani Sayani
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Right Action ◽  
Frequency Table ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Random Method

This study aims to study and determine the behavior of farmers in the use of pesticides on shallots in Wombo Mpanau Village, Tanantovea District. This study uses a simple random method. The data obtained is collected, processed and analyzed. Analysis was carried out to determine the frequency of data in each variable. Primary data obtained through interviews were analyzed to provide a concise picture of groups of data in one frequency table. Types of pests that attack onion in Wombo Mpanau Village are leaf caterpillars, leaf flies, trips, flour dew, and fusarium wilt. The most widely used pest control method is the use of chemical pesticides, which reaches 70% of respondents. The knowledge of farmers on the application of pesticides is relatively good, namely 100% of respondents apply pesticides when there are symptoms of attack and if other controls are unable to overcome the pest attack. Knowledge of farmers on the use of doses of pesticides is relatively good, namely 100% of respondents use the dosage according to the recommendations listed on the packaging. The actions of farmers when applying pesticides in general are not mixing pesticides. The majority of respondents have taken the right action in terms of storing semrot and pesticides in a special place. But on the other hand the awareness of farmers is still low, because there are still many farmers who wash sprayers in rivers or ditches.

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