scholarly journals Undernutrition in sheep. Nitrogen repletion by N-depleted sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. J. Kyle ◽  
N. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Treatment ◽  
N Requirement

1. Wether lambs of 29–44 kg live-weight, totally nourished by the infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA) into the rumen and casein into the abomasum, were given five treatments in consecutive periods. The treatments were (daily amounts per kg live weight (W)0.75): (a) high-protein for 7 d (2500 mg nitrogen, 650 kJ VFA); (b) low-protein for 7–15 d (525 mg N, 650 kJ VFA); (c) N-free for 7 d (no N, 450 kJ VFA); (d) very-low-protein for 24–28 d (300 mg N, 400 kJ VFA); (e) high-protein for 40 d (2500 mg N, 650 kJ VFA). Nine lambs were subjected to treatments (a), (b) and (c) (Expt 1) and four of the lambs additionally received treatments (d) and (e) (Expt 2).2. In Expt 1 all nine lambs had a positive N retention on treatment (a) but abrupt change to treatment (b) resulted in substantial negative N balances initially, and a period of approximately 5 d adaptation was required before N equilibrium was re-established. Animals again exhibited negative N balances when the N-free infusion (treatment c) was introduced and during that period there was no evidence of adaptation. Basal urinary N excretion was estimated to be 356 (SE 12) mg N/kg W0.75.3. In Expt 2 all four lambs were depleted of N when receiving the very-low-protein treatment (d). The progressively decreasing N losses recorded during days 1 to 12 of the treatment period were slightly greater than those recorded during days 13 to 28 but the difference between the means was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no evidence of an adaptation in N retention between days 13 and 28 of the treatment. As assessed during days 13 to 28 of the treatment the efficiency of utilization of infused casein N was 1.0; this compared with a value of 0.66 recorded during treatment (b) in Expt 1. Live weight loss during the period of N depletion was 101 (SE 27) g/d.4. When lambs were given treatment (e) during the last period of Expt 2, N repletion was rapid and complete within a few days. Ten days after the introduction of the treatment the rate of N retention was estimated to be 1019 (SE 38) mg/kg W0.75 per d and this value declined at a rate of 9.5 (SE 1.9) mg N/kg W0.76 per d for the following 30 d. In comparison, N retention determined for the high-protein treatment in Expt 1 was 724 (SE 66) mg N/kg W0.75 per d. Live-weight gains during N repletion were 292 (SE 26) g/d.5. It is concluded that N-depleted lambs can replete rapidly and that enhanced N accretion (compensatory growth) may persist for 4–5 weeks. If the improved efficiency of utilization of infused N observed during N depletion reflects a changed basal N requirement, the validity of simple factorial systems for estimating N requirement is called into question.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and purine metabolism at varying energy and protein supplies in sheep sustained on intragastric infusion

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
K.-G. Jacobsson
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
N Requirement

Wether sheep were fitted with rumen fistulas and polyethylene tubes to the abomasum and were given all nutrients by intragastric infusion. In Expt 1 volatile fatty acids (VFA) were given at 340, 450 and 630 kJ gross energy (GE)/kg metabolic weight (W0.75) and protein at 0, 150, 300, 600, 900 and 1500 mg nitrogen/kg W0.75. In Expt 2 VFA were infused at 450 kJ GE/kg W0.75 and protein at 0 and 300 mg N/kg W0.75. At all levels of energy intake in Expt 1 the N retention was significantly (P < 0.01) related to N intake. The basal N requirement was estimated to be 281 mg (SE 21.8) N/kg W0.75 at 340 kJ VFA/kg W0.75, 226 (SE 21.8) mg N/kg W0.75 at 450 kJ VFA/kg W0.75 and 207 (SE 19.4) mg N/kg W0.75 at 630 kJ VFA/kg W0.75. Plasma urea concentrations varied markedly in relation to protein intake and to energy supply. On the other hand plasma ammonia, glucose, insulin and creatinine concentrations, and also urinary excretion of purine derivatives and creatinine were not significantly affected by the treatments imposed. It was concluded that the urinary excretion of purine derivatives in ruminants was largely unaffected by moderate changes in energy intake and by large changes in protein intake.

Copper sulphate as a growth stimulant for pigs: effect of composition of diet and level of protein

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Low Protein

Thirty six individually-fed pigs were used in a within-litter comparison of the 6 treatments of a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. The pigs were about 9 weeks old at the start and were slaughtered as their individual weights reached about 200 lb.Three types of basal diet were given with and without a supplement of CuSO4.5H2O included at 0·1% (250 p.p.m. added Cu).The diets were based on (1) barley and fish meal, with 17% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. live-weight and 15·4 % from then on, (2) maize and soya (extracted soya bean meal), with about the same levels of protein and (3) maize and soya, but with only 13·4% crude protein for pigs up to 103 lb. and 11·9% for pigs of 103 lb. to 200 lb. Daily feed allowances were determined from a fixed scale based on live-weight.Pigs given the high-protein maize-soya diets grew more rapidly, required less feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses than those given the barley-fish meal diets. This was probably because of the higher TDN content of the maize-soya mixture.Pigs given the low-protein maize-soya diets grew less rapidly, required more feed per lb. gain and had fatter carcasses with smaller ‘eye’ muscles than those receiving the high-protein maize-soya diets, these being the usual effects of an inadequate supply of total protein or of an essential amino acid.CuSO4.5H2O4 added as 0·1% of each of the three types of diet improved growth rate before 103 lb. live-weight but had no consistent effect on feed conversion efficiency. Between 103 lb. and slaughter the copper sulphate did not affect performance on the barley-fish meal or high-protein maize-soya diet, but in the low-protein maize-soya diet it reduced feed conversion efficiency and rate of gain by 5%. Although this interaction was not statistically significant it agrees with an observation made in Florida and warrants further investigation.

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. XI. Further observations on the effect of energy intake on protein utilization

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. W. Siviter ◽  
E. Schuller ◽  
Valerie J. Broster
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Food

SUMMARYFive experiments were made to observe the effect on nitrogen (N) utilization by young cattle of supplements of sucrose, glucose monohydrate (dextrose), and maize starch when added to basal diets of concentrates and straw. The supplements provided about 12% of the total intake of air-dry food. Twenty-four yearling Friesian heifers were used in each of two randomized block experiments to measure live-weight gain, and 6, 10 and 10 yearling Friesian steers in three changeover design experiments to measure N retention.Rates of live-weight gain and N retention were increased by all the supplements amongst which no order of superiority in benefit conferred could be established. The improvement in N retention was associated with a marked reduction in urinary N and a small increase in faecal N with supplemented rations.The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in rumen fluid were not affected by starch supplementation. Both sugars, but glucose more than sucrose, decreased the ratio of acetic to propionic acid, measured 2 h after feeding.Statistically significant multiple linear regression equations were observed between N retained and intakes of N and digestible organic matter (DOM), both as absolute amounts with live weight as a further independent variate, and as intakes/unit metabolic body size. N2and DOM × N as additional variates did not benefit the fit of the equations over the range of intakes studied.

A note on the response of store lambs to iso-nitrogenous diets containing rapeseed meal or fish meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Tan ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Outflow Rate

ABSTRACTLive-weight gain responses were investigated using 36 individually penned lambs (mean live weight 35·2 kg) given three sodium hydroxide treated straw-based diets: low-protein, low-rapeseed meal (control) diet; high protein, high-rapeseed meal (HR) diet; or high-protein, fish meal (FM) diet. The diets were formulated to provide 3 or 9 g undegradable nitrogen per kg dry matter (DM) respectively for the diets without or with fish meal. Diets were offered once a day in a 50: 50 forage-to-concentrate ratio in amounts calculated to support maintenance plus 150 g gain and were adjusted weekly according to live weight. Live-weight gain, measured for 7 weeks, was improved by the FM diet only (P < 0·05).The three diets were given also to rumen-fistulated sheep. The FM diet maintained higher rumen ammonia concentrations during most of the day. The FM and HR diets reduced rumen solid particle outflow rate (P < 0·05) and increased the effective degradability of DM and acid-detergent fibre.

Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Korir ◽  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
C. Gachuiri ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Calliandra Calothyrsus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Nutrient Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.

The protein requirement of the ruminant calf. II. Further studies on the effect of protein content of the concentrate mixture on the performance of calves weaned at an early age

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
Helen J. Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Low Protein

1. Eighty-four Friesian heifer calves were used in two experiments (Experiments 4 and 5) to study the protein requirement of the ruminant calf to 12 weeks of age. The calves were weaned at 5 weeks of age and given a concentrate containing one of several protein levels, together with hay and water.2. In Experiment 4, the effect of changing the protein content of the concentrates at 8 weeks of age under ad libitum feeding conditions was studied. A concentrate containing 20·6% crude protein (air-dry basis) tended to promote more rapid weight gains in calves to 8 weeks than a similar concentrate with 12·1% crude protein. Following the change in diet at 8 weeks, both groups of calves given the low-protein diet gained weight at similar rates in the period 8–12 weeks, irrespective of the protein level to 8 weeks. During the period 8–12 weeks calves given the high-protein diet, after receiving a low-protein diet to 8 weeks, tended to gain weight at a faster rate than those given the high-protein concentrate throughout. After adjustment for differences between treatment groups in mean concentrate consumption and mean live-weight at 8 weeks, the live-weight gain from 8 to 12 weeks was significantly greater in calves given the high-protein diet after 8 weeks.3. In Experiment 5, a significantly lower growth rate was obtained when concentrate intake was restricted to a maximum of 2 kg./day than when given ad libitum. Calves given the concentrates containing 15·9% or 20·6% crude protein gained weight significantly faster than those given the concentrate containing 12·1% crude protein, at both levels of feeding, after live-weight gain was adjusted for differences between treatment groups in mean food consumption and live-weight at 1 week.4. It is concluded that no advantage is obtained by giving a concentrate containing more than 15·9% protein to Friesian heifer calves weaned at 5 weeks of age. The results indicate clearly the importance of an adequate supply of energy in the diet of the ruminant calf if maximum live-weight gain is to be achieved.

scholarly journals Effects of a β-andrenergic agonist on growth performance, body composition and nutrient retention in finishing pigs fed normal or low amounts of protein

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bracher-Jakob ◽  
J. W. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Protein Feeding

ABSTRACTIn earlier studies with pigs the P-adrenergic agonist Ro 16·8714 ((3-AG) enhanced the efficiency of nitrogen (N) retention. Therefore effects of Ro 16·8714 were studied on growth rate, body composition, N, fat and energy retention in pigs fed isoenergetically, but given different amounts of protein (112 or 138 g/kg diet) without (groups LP and NP) or with 60 mg Ro 16·8714 per kg diet (groups LPP and NPP) from 60 to 100 kg live weight. Weight gain (898, 927, 855 and 810 g/day in NP, NPp, LP and LPp) decreased, whereas food: gain ratio (2·94, 2·82, 3·04 and 3·24 kg/kg in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was increased by low protein intake (P < 0·05) and both weight gain and food conversion were modified by the interaction (P × P) of protein intake and Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Killing-out proportion (820, 830, 830 and 830 g/kg in groups NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was modified by protein intake and Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Carcass growth rate (760, 814, 748 and 723 g/day in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was modified by protein intake and by P × p (P < 0·05), while non-carcass growth rate (90, 77, 76 and 56 g/day in NP, NPP, LP and LPP) was changed by protein intake and by Ro 16·8714 (P < 0·05). Compared with NP, weights of kidneys (−0·025 kg), small intestine (−0·26 kg) and large intestine (−0·17 kg) were decreased by low protein feeding, and weights of heart, spleen and stomach decreased in response to Ro 16·8714 (-002, -0·02 and -0·06 kg; P < 0·05) while both low protein intake and Ro 16·8714 reduced liver weight (−0·12 and −0·23 kg, respectively; P < 0·05) and blood volume obtained at slaughter (-0·12 and -0·23 kg; P < 0·05). Carcass N (1813, 1970, 1786 and 1825 g in NP NPp, LP and LPP) increased in response to Ro 16-8714, but was reduced by low protein intake (P < 0·05), while noncarcass N (330, 309, 312 and 285 g in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was decreased by both low protein intake and Ro 16-8714 (P < 0·01). Carcass and non-carcass fat (22·1, 19·9, 23·4 and 23·0 kg, respectively 1·51, 1·41, 1·59 and 1·68 kg in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) increased with low protein feeding (P < 0·05), but were not significantly influenced by Ro 16·8714. The efficiency of N retention (295, 363, 321 and 327 g/kg N retained: N intake in NP, NPp, LP and LPP) was enhanced by Ro 16·8714 (P > 0·05) whereas the efficiency of energy retention was not influenced by Ro 16·8714 and protein intake. In conclusion, an adequate intake of protein is necessary for optimum expression of many, but not all, effects of the P-adrenergic agonist Ro 16·8714.

Observations on the effect of protein intake and stage of gestation on the proportion of urinary nitrogen excreted as urea in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
D. Scott ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
N Requirement ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThe effect of altering the level of protein intake on urea excretion in ewes was assessed in two separate experiments.In Expt 1, 14 pregnant (during the last 20 days of gestation) and 10 non-pregnant ewes were each offered a different level of digested N intake in the range 5–25 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant ewes.In Expt 2, 21 pregnant ewe lambs were each offered one of three diets supplying mean intakes of 83 (T1), 113 (T2) or 147 (T3) g crude protein/day. During the last 100 days of gestation the mean levels of urea N excretion were 6·9, 11·0 and 15·2 g/day for T1, T 2 and T 3, respectively. The corresponding values for urinary N excretion were 9·3, 13·8 and 18·2 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower just prior to parturition than 95 days prepartum; the difference was correlated with lamb birth weight and maternal body-weight change.A notable feature of both experiments was the low level of urea N excretion by the pregnant ewes in late gestation, at low protein intakes. It would appear that when energy intake is adequate the decrease in urea N excretion associated with pregnancy is a direct result of an increased N requirement for maternal and/or foetal growth.

Influence of protein nutrition on the response of growing lambs to exogenous bovine growth hormone

1991 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
L. A. Bruce ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
I. C. Hart ◽  
J. Inkster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Anabolic Response ◽  
Indwelling Catheters ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Plasma Gh ◽  
Protein Supply

ABSTRACT Interactions between protein supply and the anabolic response to exogenous bovine (b) GH have been examined in two experiments using 28–35 kg lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (700 kJ/kg W0·75 per day) into the rumen and the casein (600 mg (low protein; LP) or 1200 mg (high protein; HP)/kg W0·75 per day) into the abomasum. Sheep received continuous i.v. infusions of bGH for 6 days in experiment 1 and for 18 days in experiment 2. Nitrogen balances were determined daily throughout both experiments and blood samples, from indwelling catheters, were assayed for GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin and glucose. Infusion of bGH increased plasma GH concentration by five- to sixfold in all animals. There was an increase in N retention in both HP and LP animals over the first 2–3 days of GH administration. HP animals sustained higher N retentions (31%; P < 0·05) throughout the GH administration but LP animals did not. In contrast, plasma IGF-I concentrations increased progressively over the first 72 to 96 h of GH administration in all sheep and thereafter remained significantly (P < 0·05) elevated until termination of the GH infusion. In lambs which received both HP and LP infusions in experiment 1 the increase in IGF-I concentration by day 6 of GH administration was significantly (P < 0·05) greater when they received the higher protein intake. Plasma insulin concentrations increased rapidly (P < 0·05) with the onset of GH administration to levels which were 2·5 (LP)- and 4·8 (HP)-fold greater than those observed in the pre-and post-GH periods. Glucose concentration also increased during GH administration (P < 0·05), by 35% in LP animals and by 58% in HP animals. High protein availability appeared necessary to sustain a protein anabolic response where lambs received exogenous GH infusions, even though plasma IGF-I concentrations were elevated on both high and low protein treatments. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 53–61

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