scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Experiments were conducted with pigs and rats to determine the availability of P in feeds. Initially, the availability of P in a soya-bean meal and field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Early Dun) was assessed using a slope–ratio assay for grower pigs. Three different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP), soya-bean meal or field peas were added to a basal sucrose–soya-bean meal diet (2·5 g/kg P) to give three levels of P (3·0, 3·5 and 4 g/kg) for each source. The diets were offered for 35 d at three times maintenance energy requirements to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. Several bone variables and the ash and P concentration and retention levels in the empty body were used as criteria of availability. The responses to MSP were linear for all variables. However, responses to P in the test proteins, particularly soya-bean meal, were mostly non-linear, except for ash and P concentrations and retentions in the empty body. The estimates of P availability in the soya-bean meal and in the field peas were dependent on the criteria used to assess availability. Using bone variables as the criterion, the availabilities of P in soya-bean meal and field peas were approximately 0·17 and 0·38 respectively. Using ash or P concentrations or retentions in the empty body as the response criterion, the availabilities of P in soya-bean meal and field peas were 0·61 and 0·38 respectively. The mean retention values for P from MSP, soya-bean meal and field peas were 0·74, 0·33 and 0·21 respectively. Experiments were then conducted to define the conditions necessary for a slope–ratio assay for P availability with growing rats to determine if they could be used as a model to assess P availability for pigs. These experiments examined level of P in the diet, the effect of Ca:P ratio and criteria for assessing response (growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, bone ash and bone bending moment). The results indicated that a suitable range of dietary P for a slope–ratio assay in rats was 1·8–3·5 g/kg, with Ca: P ratio of between 1·3 and 6·2, and that ash content or bone bending moment of the femur bone were suitable criteria of response. However, using bone bending moment as the criterion of response, the availability of P in soya- bean meal was 0·81, which was considerably higher than the estimate with pigs. Overall the results indicated that the estimates of the availability of P in feeds for pigs were dependent on the criteria used to assess availability and that the value for rats led to an overestimate of the value for pigs.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

Effects of different protein contents in the rations of growing-fattening pigs

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
M. Jill Townsend ◽  
G. Harrington ◽  
J. G. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Better Than

1. A co-ordinated trial has been carried out at eighteen centres to study the effects of feeding various quantities of high-protein supplement to growing-fattening pigs. In treatment 1, 10% white fish meal was included from weaning to 150 lb. live weight and 3% soya-bean meal was included from 150 lb. live weight to slaughter (approximately 210 lb.). Treatment 2 was the same as treatment 1 except that only 7% white fish meal was included during the first stage. Treatment 3 was the same as treatment 2 except that the rations were changed at 1001b. live weight instead of 1501b. Treatment 4 was the same as treatment 3 except that highprotein supplement was omitted altogether after 1501b. live weight; thus there were three rations involved in treatment 4—7% white fish meal from weaning to 100 lb. live weight, 3% soya-bean meal from 100 lb. to 150 lb. and no high-protein supplement thereafter.2. Growth rate and feed conversion both differed significantly between treatments. Pigs on treatment 1 grew 5·0% faster than those on treatment 4; the average growth rate for treatments 2 and 3, the difference between which was negligible, was 3·3% higher than for treatment 4. Feed conversion for treatment 1 was 5·4% better than for treatment 4 and the average for treatments 2 and 3 was 3·8% better than for treatment 4.3. Treatment differences were not significant for killing-out percentage, length, quality of fat, proportions of gammon, middle and fore-end of the cured side, thickness of streak, size of eye muscle and amount of fat over it. Some of the fat measurements differed significantly between treatments; differences in fat thickness at the shoulder, middle and rump between treatments 1, 2 and 3 were generally small, but the lowest protein level (treatment 4) resulted in carcasses with about 2% more fat along the back than the average of treatments 1, 2 and 3. These slight differences in back-fat thickness did not result in significant differences in the percentage of pigs in the highest grades.4. An economic appraisal of the results suggested that under the conditions prevailing at the time of the experiment treatment 3 would have resulted in the greatest profit per year, and the greatest profit per pig. This ration was relatively cheap compared with those of treatments 1 and 2 but it did not lead to a seriously impaired performance, as did that of treatment 4, the cheapest ration.

A note on the performance of Assaf male lambs reared intensively on an all-concentrate diet with herring meal or toasted soya bean meal as the main protein source

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Folman ◽  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Main Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThirty-five Assaf intact male lambs were divided into three groups and offered an all-concentrate pelleted diet based on barley and maize and supplemented with either toasted soya bean meal, herring meal or toasted soya bean meal plus methionine to contain 20% crude protein. The live-weight gains to a slaughter weight of 57 kg were 425, 440 and 394 g/day, and the feed conversion ratios were 3·12, 3·07 and 3·38 kg dry matter/kg gain, respectively. It is concluded that, with toasted soya bean meal as the protein supplement, it is possible to obtain high growth rates that do not diifer significantly from those obtained with herring meal.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates.2. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 10.37, no. 20.65, no. 30.54, no. 40.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 10.98, no. 2 0.89.3. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1(0.91) and no. 2(0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70–0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76).4. The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

The nutritive value of separated milk for pigs. I. A comparison of two diets containing separated milk with a standard all-meal diet

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Chamberlain ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

One hundred and forty-four Large White weaner pigs were used in each of two experiments to investigate the nutritive value of liquid separated milk. Two experimental diets, one based on separated milk and barley meal, the other on separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal were compared with control meals of the type used in the Pig Industry Development Authority's progeny testing stations. The amounts of milk in the experimental diets were adjusted so that the lysine concentrations in the dietary dry matter were similar to those of the control meals. All diets were given according to a restricted scale relating daily dry matter allowance to live weight, to a scale relating digestible energy allowance to live weight and to ‘appetite’. In the first experiment, pigs were slaughtered at 200 lb live weight, in the second at 260 lb live weight.Pigs given the separated milk and barley meal diet performed similarly to those given the control meals; those given the separated milk, soya bean meal and barley meal diet had better feed conversion efficiencies than control pigs, particularly over the range 200 to 260 lb live weight. Pigs given diets containing milk had higher killing-out percentages and shorter carcasses than those given the control meals. Diet had no statistically significant effect on the percentages of fat and lean in the sides.The effects of plane of nutrition were demonstrated by the faster rate of gain and poorer carcass quality of pigs fed to ‘appetite’.It was concluded that the nutritive value of separated milk is explained by its high energy and lysine content. There was no evidence of any unknown beneficial factor in it.

A note on the need for supplementary nitrogen in diets for fattening beef cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
A. Macdearmid
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Experimental Treatments

SUMMARYThirty British Friesian steers were given either a pelleted diet of bruised barley and ground barley straw (70:30) containing 9·4% crude protein (N × 6·25) or a similar diet with urea or soya bean meal added to raise the crude protein content to 15·0%. Up to a live weight of 200 kg, the growth rate and feed conversion of steers were improved by supplementary nitrogen and urea provided this as effectively as soya bean meal. Beyond 200 kg there were no differences in growth rate or feed conversion between any of the experimental treatments.

Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for calves

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of calves of supplementing a diet, based on high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage, with fish meal. The effects of fish-meal supplementation were examined at each of two amounts of concentrate intake (1·05 and 2·2 kg/day) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish meal was offered at a rate of 75 g/kg silage dry-matter (DM) intake. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 36 and 40 castrated male calves, respectively, which were initially 7 weeks old and had a live weight of 70 kg. The treatments were imposed for 20 weeks. The silages used in the two experiments had mean concentrations of 22-8 g nitrogen (N) per kg DM; 524 g protein N per kg total N; 59 g ammonia N per kg total N; 0·4 g butyric acid per kg DM; and 712 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 800 ground barley, 125 soya bean meal, 50 molasses and 25 mineral and vitamin supplement, respectively, and contained 29 g N per kg DM. Silage DM intakes and live-weight gains for the low and high amounts of concentrate supplementation were 1·93 and 1·46 (s.e. 0·055) kg/day and 0·84 and 1·01 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day respectively. The supplement of fish meal did not affect silage DM intake or animal performance for either concentrate intake. Proportionately, only 0·21 of the difference in live weight at the end of the treatment periods between the two amounts of concentrate intake remained at slaughter at 18 months of age. It is concluded that the optimum growth rate for autumn-born calves during their first winter can be sustained by a diet of high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with a maximum of 1·0 kg cereal-soya bean meal concentrate and that no response in performance was obtained to supplementation of this diet with fish meal.

A note on the effect of white-flowered peas on sow reproductive performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
R. B. Ogle ◽  
K. Annér
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Natal Mortality ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Size At Birth

The effect on sow reproductive performance of including 100 g white-flowered peas (Pisum sativum hortense, cv. Vreta and Lotta) per kg, replacing barley, wheat and soya-bean meal in gestation and lactation diets, was studied over four parities using 24 pairs of crossbred littermate sows. Net sow weight gains and changes in backfat thickness over the complete reproductive cycle were similar for both treatments. Piglet live-weight gains and mean litter size at birth were not influenced by treatment, although litter size at weaning was 0·5 pigs higher (P > 0·05) for the control sows, due to higher post-natal mortality rate in the litters from the sows given the pea diets. It can be concluded that inclusion of white-flowered peas at a rate of 100 g/kg had no adverse effect on reproductive performance, with the exception of slightly higher post-natal piglet mortality.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Total amino acid requirements of weaned piglets 8 to 25 kg live weight given diets based on wheat and soya-bean meal fortified with free amino acids

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gatel ◽  
G. Buron ◽  
J. Fékéte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with weaned piglets from 8 to 25 kg live weight in order to determine the dietary amino acid content necessary for maximum growth. Six diets based on wheat, soya-bean meal, soya-bean oil and free amino acids were compared in each experiment. Essential amino acids were in the same relative proportion for all diets: (methionine + cystine)/lysine = 0·60 to 0·65; threonine/lysine = 0·65; tryptophan/lysine = 0·19. The range of amino acid content was 9·53 to 12·52 g lysine per kg in the first experiment and 11·34 to 15·94 g lysine per kg in the second experiment. The number of piglets used per diet was 136 (20 pens) and 106 (16 pens) in respectively the first and the second experiment. The relationship between either dietary lysine content or daily lysine intake and growth rate was quadratic and significant. Dietary lysine content and daily lysine intake which enable maximum growth were calculated according to this model. Dietary lysine contents were 15·5 and 14·9 g/kg for the first 3 weeks (8 to 17 kg) and for the overall post-weaning period (8 to 25 kg) respectively. Daily lysine intakes were 10·6 and 13·3 g/day respectively for the same two periods. Reasons for these values being higher than those currently cited are discussed.

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