scholarly journals Tissue- and substrate-dependent responses of oxidative phosphorylation to dietary protein level in chicks

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Tanaka ◽  
Teru Ishibashi ◽  
Katsuyuki Okamoto ◽  
Masaaki Toyomizu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Protein Energy

The ADP:O values in both cardiac and hepatic mitochondria have significantly decreased with an increase in protein level after 7, 14 and 21 d of feeding (Toyomizu et al. 1992). The present studies were undertaken to clarify tissue-specific effects of dietary protein levels on oxidative phosphorylation in the liver, kidney, skeletal muscles and small intestine and to characterize oxidative metabolism with diverse substrates in the liver. Chicks were fed on semi-purified diets of different protein levels (7, 25, 43 and 61% of metabolizable energy content) for 21 d. The responses of protein levels to oxidative phosphorylation showed tissue-dependency; although liver mitochondria of chickens fed on higher- protein diets exhibited reduced ADP:O values and state 3, neither changes in ADP:O value nor state 3 and state 4 rates were observed in the isolated mitochondria from kidney and skeletal muscles. Small intestinal mucosal mitochondria from chickens fed on a high (61%)-protein-energy diet showed significantly reduced ADP:O value and respiratory control ratio when compared with medium-protein- energy diets (25 and 43%). In liver mitochondria showing the most sensitive dependency to the levels of dietary protein, the ADP:O value decreased with increasing protein levels when pyruvate + malate- or glutamate-requiring complexes I, III and IV of the electron transport chain were used as substrates, but it did not change when succinate-requiring complexes II, III and IV or ascorbate + tetramethyl-p- phenylenediamine requiring complex IV was used. These results imply that impaired oxidative phosphorylation capacities with increasing dietary protein levels may be associated with functional damage to the respiratory chain for electron flow from NAD-linked substrates to the ubiquinone pool.

scholarly journals Dietary protein level alters oxidative phosphorylation in heart and liver mitochondria of chicks

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Toyomizu ◽  
Daisuke Kirihara ◽  
Masahiro Tanaka ◽  
Kunioki Hayashi ◽  
Yuichiro Tomita
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Protein Energy

To determine the effects of dietary protein level on cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, chicks were fed on semi-purified diets of different protein levels (7, 25, 43 and 61% of metabolizable energy content) for 7, 14 and 21 d. All diets were formulated to contain equivalent fat, mineral and vitamin contents on a gross energy basis. Cardiac and hepatic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation rates were assessed polarographically with pyruvate and malate as substrates. Cardiac mitochondria isolated from chicks fed on a 43 or 61% protein-energy diet for 7 d exhibited significantly reduced ADP:oxygen (ADP:O) ratios when compared with mitochondria isolated from chicks fed on a lower-protein-energy diet. Feeding low- (7%) protein-energy diets for 14 d resulted in a relatively increased ADP:O ratio in the heart. Responses of ADP:O ratios to protein level in hepatic mitochondria showed more dependency on protein level than in heart muscle; at all feeding periods the ADP:O ratio decreased with an increase in protein level. As a result, ATP synthesized in the liver, expressed as nmol/mg mitochondrial protein per min, significantly decreased with increased dietary protein level. A parallel correlation was observed, in chicks fed on diets with different levels of protein, between ADP:O ratio for liver mitochondria and body fat. These results suggest that the reduction in oxidative phosphorylation in the heart and liver of animals fed on a higher protein-energy diet may partly contribute to the depression of body fat.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of organic selenium to improve growth performance and protein utilization in African catfish fed with different protein level diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Giri Maruto Darmawangsa ◽  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Nurbambang Priyo Utomo ◽  
Julie Ekasari
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Protein Levels

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic selenium supplementation on diet with different protein levels on the growth performance and protein utilization of African catfish juvenile. A randomized 2×3 factorial design with two dietary protein levels (27% and 32%) and three dietary selenium (Se) supplementation levels (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 6 mg/kg diet) in triplicates were applied in the study. African catfish juvenile with an initial average body weight and body length of 27.00 ± 0.14 g and 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, respectively, was reared in 18 units of aquarium (141 L) at a density of 142 fish/m3 for a rearing period of 40 days. Increasing organic Se supplementation level up to 6 mg/kg at high protein feed resulted in higher fish growth and final biomass, lower FCR, and higher protein utilization efficiency than those of other treatments.  Furthermore, supplementation of organic Se also resulted in lower lipid and higher Se concentrations in the fish body as well as higher blood protein level compared to those of the control. In conclusion, the result of this study suggested that dietary supplementation of organic Se up to 6 mg/kg could enhance the growth and protein utilization in African catfish fed with both low and high protein diet.   Keywords: African catfish, growth, dietary protein, protein utilization, organic selenium.   ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi selenium organik pada pakan dengan kadar protein yang berbeda terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan ikan lele Clarias gariepenus. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial 2×3 dengan dua tingkat protein pakan (27% dan 32%) dan tiga tingkat suplementasi selenium (Se) pakan (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, dan 6 mg/kg diet) sebanyak tiga ulangan. Ikan lele yang digunakan memiliki bobot awal rata-rata dan panjang tubuh 27 ± 0.14 g dan 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, dipelihara dalam 18 unit akuarium (141 L) dengan kepadatan 142 ekor/m3 selama 40 hari pemeliharaan. Peningkatan suplementasi Se organik hingga 6 mg/kg pada ikan yang diberi pakan protein tinggi menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan dan biomassa akhir yang lebih tinggi, FCR yang lebih rendah, dan efisiensi pemanfaatan protein pakan yang lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan lain. Selain itu, suplementasi Se organik juga menghasilkan kadar lemak yang lebih rendah dan konsentrasi Se tubuh yang lebih tinggi serta kadar protein darah yang lebih tinggi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu suplementasi Se organik pada pakan hingga 6 mg/kg dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan pada ikan lele yang diberi pakan dengan kadar protein rendah dan tinggi.   Kata kunci: ikan lele, pertumbuhan, protein pakan, pemanfaatan protein, selenium organik.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

scholarly journals Growth and feed utilization of Boer x Kacang crossbred goats offered total mixed rations of different protein and energy levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Simon P. Ginting ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Andi Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Crude Protein Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of and feed utilization by Boer x Kacang crosses goats fed on total mixed ration differing in protein and energy levels. Four total mixed rations combination were formulated to contain 16 and 18% crude protein and 2650 and 2850 Kcal ME/ kg DM (dried matter) energy density. Twenty-eight male Boer x Kacang crosses goats (14.5 ± 1.14 kg) and of age ranging from 4 to 5 months were randomly allocated to one of these four TMRs (total mixed rations) (7 animals/TMR). The effects of dietary treatment were assessed using the general linear model and significance of the diet effects was detected using Duncan’s multiple range test. Dry matter intake increased as metabolizable energy density of diet increased from 2650 to 2850 Kcal/kg DM, but it is not affected by increasing crude protein level from 16 to 18%. The average daily gains were not improved (P>0.05) as the crude protein levels and metabolizable energy density of diet increased. Crude protein levels and ME density did not affect (P>0.05) the DM, OM and energy digestibility, but NDF digestibility was affected by the ME density of diets (P<0.05). Daily N intakes were greater (P<0.0%) in goats received diets higher in the crude protein and metabolizable energy levels. At this high rate of feed intake this type of goats are able to gain optimally when offered feed with crude protein level of 16% and metabolizable energy density of 2850 Kcal/kg DM.

THE RELATION OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL TO LIVER ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1871-1877
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Phosphate Activated Glutaminase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

Male, albino rats were fed diets containing 5%, 20%, and 40% casein by weight for 7 days at environmental temperatures of 22 °C and 2–3 °C. In one experiment, food was provided ad libitum; in a second experiment, all groups were provided with equal amounts of food. At 22 °C, the activities in liver of alanine-glutamic transaminase, phosphate-activated glutaminase, and arginase increased with increasing dietary protein level. At 2–3 °C, activities of the last two enzymes increased with increasing dietary protein level from 5% to 20% but not from 20% to 40% whereas transaminase activities increased throughout the dietary protein range 5% to 40%. No relationship of glucose-6-phosphatase activity to dietary protein level was evident at either environmental temperature. Cold exposure per se increased the activities of alanine-glutamic transaminase and glucose-6-phosphatase in all dietary protein groups but increased the activities of arginase and phosphate-activated glutaminase only in rats fed the 5% and 20% protein diets. It is postulated that increased activities of these liver enzymes during cold exposure result from augmented catabolism of substrates to meet increased energy requirements. As previously observed with respect to other metabolic alterations, it is apparent that cold exposure modifies the response of liver enzymes to changing dietary protein levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Yongfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level ◽  
Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99   kg ± 0.16   kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

scholarly journals Performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) on commercial rations and varying dietary protein levels

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Ajayi ◽  
O. O. Tewe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Experimental Diet ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Food Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Cricetomys Gambianus ◽  
African Giant Rat

The growth performance of 24 weanling giant rats was studied in 2 experiments of 30 weeks duration with commercial livestock rations and graded levels of protein. Daily average liveweight gain was 5·1-7·3 g, food consumption 26·9-36·3 g on 6 diets. Food intake, growth rate and food efficiency ratio were very similar using the different commercial diets. Growth performance improved as the dietary protein level was raised from 10 to 13%, but a further increase to 16% did not result in greater growth. The commercial pig ration and the experimental diet containing 13% dietary protein level were found to give satisfactory growth, and are recommended for studies with these animals.

Field peas: Chemical composition and energy and amino acid availabilities for poultry

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Igbasan ◽  
W. Guenter ◽  
B. A. Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Twelve pea cultivars (yellow-, green- and brown-seeded) were evaluated for chemical composition and digestibility in poultry. The evaluation involved analyses for protein, amino acids (AAs), fat, starch, dietary fibre, ash, calcium, phosphorus and tannins. True metabolizable energy [nitrogen corrected (TMEn) and uncorrected (TME)] and true AA bioavailability values were also determined with adult cockerels. The cultivars showed a wide range of protein (207.5–264.0 g kg−1) and starch (385.3–436.8 g kg−1) contents which were not related to the seed coat colours. The concentrations of several AAs varied among the cultivars. With the exception of arginine, the concentrations of all other essential AAs on a protein basis decreased as protein levels increased. Out of 10 essential AAs including cystine, only arginine had a positive correlation (r = 0.79) with protein content. The dietary fibre contents varied between 190.7 and 223.1 g kg−1 and the values were slightly higher in the brown-seeded cultivars. The brown-seeded cultivars contained appreciable quantities of tannins, while the yellow- and green-seeded cultivars were devoid of tannins. The cultivars were almost devoid of fat and calcium but relatively high in phosphorus. Starch and dietary fibre were negatively correlated with protein content (r = −0.78 and −0.46, respectively), and accounted for the greatest difference in protein content. The TME values ranged from 11.6 to 13.3 MJ kg−1 while the TMEn values ranged from 11.0 to 12.9 MJ kg−1. The mean availabilities of AAs ranged from a high of 89.6 to a low of 75.9%, with total sulphur AAs (cystine and methionine) having the lowest value and glutamic acid having the highest value. There was a trend (P ≤ 0.05) towards lower AA bioavailability values in the brown-seeded cultivars. It can be concluded that these cultivars varied in chemical composition, metabolizable energy content and bioavailability of AAs. Key words: Field peas, composition, digestibility, chicken, poultry

Effect of dietary protein level on some key enzymes of the tryptophan-NAD pathway

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Satyanarayana ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
List Type ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase

1.Six groups of rats were given diets containing protein at three levels (SO, 100 and 200 g/kg), with and without nicotinic acid. After 4 weeks on these diets some key enzymes of the tryptophan and nicotinic acid-NAD pathway, liver nicotinamide nucleotide concentration, and urinary metabolites of tryptophan and nicotinic acid were studied.2.Liver nicotinamide nucleotide levels were lower in rats given the diet with 50 g protein/kg as compared to those in rats given diets with 100 and 200 g protein/kg. The addition of nicotinic acid to the diet resulted in a significant increase in the levels of nicotinamide nucleotides only in rats given 50 g protein/kg diet but not in those given either 100 or 200 g protein/kg diet.3.Liver tryptophan oxygenase (EC 1.13.1.12) activity increased with increasing dietary protein level. Nicotinic acid in the diet had no effect on its activity.4.Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.a) activity in liver was inversely related to dietary protein level, and nicotinic acid in the diet had no effect on its activity.5.Liver nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.11) activity and kidney picolinate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.45) activity were not altered either by dietary protein level or nicotinic acid in the diet.6.The addition of nicotinic acid to the diet resulted in increased excretion of W-methylnicotinamide at all dietary protein levels.7.The inverse relationship between protein level in the diet and liver quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase activity, the rate-limiting enzyme of the tryptophan-NAD pathway suggests that the efficiency of conversion of tryptophan to NAD is related to protein level in the diet, the efficiency decreasing with an increase in the level of dietary protein.

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