Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Bamei Pig Intestinal Colony Compositional Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dong Wang ◽  
Guoshun Chen ◽  
Lili Song ◽  
Mingjie Chai ◽  
Yongfeng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Crude Protein Level ◽  
Microbial Diversities

Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight ( 20.99   kg ± 0.16   kg ) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( P < 0.05 ). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus Lactobacillus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the “metabolism” pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.

The pre-disposition to mottling of certain wheats

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Moss
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Gluten Strength ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Flour Protein

Mottling in wheat is the condition whereby starchy and vitreous sections are found together in a grain or a sample. The occurrence of mottling in nine varieties was studied in relation to flour protein content, proportion of large starch granules, and gluten strength. When protein levels fell below 10 per cent the varieties differed in mottling behaviour. Some varieties lost vitreousness but became opaque rather than mottled; others became mottled. It was concluded that although low protein level is a predisposing factor, mottling is aggravated by factors associated with high dough stability and a high proportion of large starch granules. The interaction of these factors is used to explain the differing susceptibilities of varieties to mottling.

Dietary protein regulates hepatic constitutive protein anabolism in rats in a dose-dependent manner and independently of energy nutrient composition

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. R1720-R1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Chevalier ◽  
Cécile Bos ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Dominique Dardevet ◽  
Daniel Tomé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Exported Protein ◽  
Dose Dependent

We had previously observed that drastic increases in protein consumption greatly modified hepatic protein anabolism in rats, but the confounding effects of other macronutrient changes or a moderate protein increase to generate the same modifications have not yet been established. This study examined the metabolic and hormonal responses of rats subjected to 14-day isoenergetic diets containing normal, intermediate, or high-protein levels (NP: 14% of energy, IP: 33%, HP: 50%) and different carbohydrate (CHO) to fat ratios within each protein level. Fasted or fed rats ( n = 104) were killed after the injection of a flooding dose of 13C-valine. The hepatic protein content increased in line with the dietary protein level ( P < 0.05). The hepatic fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of protein were significantly influenced by both the protein level and the nutritional state (fasted vs. fed) ( P < 0.0001) but not by the CHO level, reaching on average 110%/day, 92%/day, and 83%/day in rats fed the NP, IP, and HP diets, respectively. The FSR of plasma albumin and muscle did not differ between diets, while feeding tended to increase muscle FSR. Proteolysis, especially the proteasome-dependent system, was down-regulated in the fed state in the liver when protein content increased. Insulin decreased with the CHO level in the diet. Our results reveal that excess dietary protein lowers hepatic constitutive, but not exported, protein synthesis rates, independently of the other macronutrients, and related changes in insulin levels. This response was observed at the moderate levels of protein intake (33%) that are plausible in a context of human consumption.

TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR SEGREGATING CANADIAN WHEAT BY PROTEIN CONTENT

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. DUNNE ◽  
J. A. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Magnetic Tape ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Western Division ◽  
Computer Studies

Studies prerequisite to introduction of protein segregation of wheat were undertaken in collaboration with the Canadian Grain Commission. The principal data comprised a 5% stratified sampling of all carlots of wheat unloaded in the Western Division since 1 August, 1939, with records of origin, destination, unloading date, grade, protein content, etc.. Nine crop years were selected with protein levels of 14.4, 14.1, 13.7, 13.7, 13.6, 13.5, 13.4, 13.1, and 12.2%, and data for the 94,894 carlots were read onto magnetic tape for computer studies. Nos. 1 and 2 Northern were combined to simulate the new grade of No. 1 Canada Western. The Commission’s original proposal, that this grade be divided into three subgrades by protein content, namely, over 14.2%, 13.0 to 14.2%, and under 13.0%, was then examined by superimposing it on data for the 9 selected yr. The middle subgrade was reasonably satisfactory, containing 40–60% of the main grade in all but extreme years, and with a protein level varying between 13.75 and 13.35%; but the other two subgrades varied in amount from less than 10% to over 50%, and the protein level of the upper subgrades varied from 14.5 to 15.1%. In accordance with revised thinking, systems were then examined for guaranteeing subgrades at 15.0, 14.0 and 13.0%, or at 14.5, 13.5 and 12.5% (and at higher or lower levels when available). If boundaries are set low enough to meet guarantees in low protein years, levels 0.25–0.6% above guarantees occur in high protein years. Three subgrades, though not necessarily the same three, differing in protein level by 1.0% were feasible in all years, but strict uniformity in protein level could not be achieved within subgrades with systems involving constant boundaries between subgrades. Promotion of carlots from one subgrade to the next, on unload at terminal elevators, was then examined. In effect, this involves moveable boundaries, e.g. to guarantee 14.0% protein, the middle subgrade would have boundaries of 13.8–14.8% when the main grade has a mean of 13.0% protein, and of 13.9–14.3% with a mean of 14.5%. By comparison with constant boundary systems, from 8 to 25% of all carlots would be promoted by one subgrade, and strict uniformity of protein levels is achieved for all but the bottom subgrade. New data were collected to examine the practicability of systems involving moveable boundaries, and these studies will be reported in a second paper.

Effect of dietary protein level and salinity on growth, survival, enzymatic activities and amino-acid composition of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) juveniles

Crustaceana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Sui ◽  
Guannan Ma ◽  
Yuangao Deng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) postlarvae with average initial body weight of 0.089 g were reared in 75-litre PVC tanks for 40 days at salinities of 30 and 60 g l−1. The shrimps were fed compound feed containing protein levels of 35, 40, 45 and 50%, respectively. Salinity had a remarkable effect on growth and survival of L. vannamei juveniles. Higher survival rate and lower growth were observed at 60 g l−1 salinity. Dietary protein level affected the survival and growth of juveniles at both salinities, increased with dietary protein levels in the range of 35 to 45%, but decreased slightly with 50% dietary protein. Broken line analysis showed that the estimated optimal dietary protein levels at salinities of 30 and 60 g l−1 were 45.93 and 46.74%, respectively. Higher salinity resulted in an increased moisture content, ash and crude protein content in the shrimp muscle tissue. The amino acid contents in the shrimp muscle tissue were generally higher at 60 g l−1 salinity and increased dietary protein level led to higher protein content, except with 50% dietary protein. At salinity 60 g l−1, the soluble protein content and activities of glutamic oxalacetic transferase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in shrimp muscle tissue were higher, while catalase (CAT) activities were lower. Farming of L. vannamei at a marginal culture salinity (60 g l−1) is feasible though the shrimps were likely exposed to stressful conditions. Reduced growth rate at higher salinity may be attributed to the higher total ammonium (TAN) concentration in the culture medium and extra energy consumption for osmoregulation at hypersaline conditions.

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT AND PROTEIN LEVELS UPON THYROID ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. March ◽  
Jacob Biely
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Fat Diets

The effects on thyroid activity of dietary protein level and of dietary fat level were studied. Diets containing 18 and 26% of protein were fed with and without 8% of supplementary fat. Thyroid weights and thyroidal uptake of I131 of chicks fed the diets were determined. The chicks fed the higher dietary protein level had consistently greater thyroid weights. The effect of supplementary fat on thyroid weight was variable. Total thyroidal uptake of I131 in chicks fed the fat-supplemented diets was greater when the diets contained 26% of protein. With the low-fat diets, protein level did not significantly affect uptake of I131. Supplementary fat decreased I131 uptake in chicks fed the low-protein diet and increased I131 uptake in chicks fed the high-protein diet. Thus, although it is evident that diet affects thyroid activity, conclusions regarding the effect of diet will depend upon the parameter used as a measure of thyroid activity.

The performance of calves given concentrate diets treated with formaldehyde

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Protein Diets

Five groups of Friesian bull calves were given concentrate diets containing 70 % barley in which low (12 %), medium (15 %), and high (19%) protein levels were obtained by varying the amount of peanut meal included. The effects of protein level and of formaldehyde treatment of the complete diet at the low and medium protein levels were studied in terms of liveweight gain, voluntary food consumption, digestibility of the diet, ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, and urea and a-amino nitrogen in blood plasma. Observations were begun when the calves reached 70 kg liveweight and continued until they reached 130 kg liveweight. The calves given the low protein diets grew more slowly than those given the higher protein diets. The calves given the high protein diet grew no better than those given the medium protein diets. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with an increase in the rate of liveweight gain of 9% (P = 0.11) at the low protein level but had practically no effect at the medium protein level. The treatment did not adversely affect voluntary food consumption but was associated with decreases in the digestibility of nitrogen and in rumen ammonia levels and small increases in plasma urea levels.

EFFECTS OF GRADED DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS ON UREA RECYCLING IN THE PIG

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. THACKER ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN ◽  
E. WELTZIEN
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Urea Recycling ◽  
Protein Diets

The kinetics of urea recycling were determined in six female crossbred pigs utilizing a radioisotope dilution technique. The experimental animals were fed three times daily 500 g of a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to contain 8.4, 15.8 or 24.7% crude protein. Nitrogen digestibility, urinary nitrogen excretion, total nitrogen excretion and retained nitrogen were highest on the 24.7% protein diet and decreased with decreasing dietary protein. Urea pool size, entry rate and excretion rate were also highest on the 24.7% protein diet and decreased with decreasing protein intake. Expressed as a percentage of the total entry rate, a significantly higher percentage of urea was recycled in pigs fed the low protein diets compared with those fed a higher protein diet. Key words: Pig, urea, recycling, kinetics, protein

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of organic selenium to improve growth performance and protein utilization in African catfish fed with different protein level diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Giri Maruto Darmawangsa ◽  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Nurbambang Priyo Utomo ◽  
Julie Ekasari
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Protein Levels

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic selenium supplementation on diet with different protein levels on the growth performance and protein utilization of African catfish juvenile. A randomized 2×3 factorial design with two dietary protein levels (27% and 32%) and three dietary selenium (Se) supplementation levels (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, and 6 mg/kg diet) in triplicates were applied in the study. African catfish juvenile with an initial average body weight and body length of 27.00 ± 0.14 g and 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, respectively, was reared in 18 units of aquarium (141 L) at a density of 142 fish/m3 for a rearing period of 40 days. Increasing organic Se supplementation level up to 6 mg/kg at high protein feed resulted in higher fish growth and final biomass, lower FCR, and higher protein utilization efficiency than those of other treatments.  Furthermore, supplementation of organic Se also resulted in lower lipid and higher Se concentrations in the fish body as well as higher blood protein level compared to those of the control. In conclusion, the result of this study suggested that dietary supplementation of organic Se up to 6 mg/kg could enhance the growth and protein utilization in African catfish fed with both low and high protein diet.   Keywords: African catfish, growth, dietary protein, protein utilization, organic selenium.   ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi selenium organik pada pakan dengan kadar protein yang berbeda terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan ikan lele Clarias gariepenus. Penelitian didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial 2×3 dengan dua tingkat protein pakan (27% dan 32%) dan tiga tingkat suplementasi selenium (Se) pakan (0 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, dan 6 mg/kg diet) sebanyak tiga ulangan. Ikan lele yang digunakan memiliki bobot awal rata-rata dan panjang tubuh 27 ± 0.14 g dan 15.0 ± 0.5 cm, dipelihara dalam 18 unit akuarium (141 L) dengan kepadatan 142 ekor/m3 selama 40 hari pemeliharaan. Peningkatan suplementasi Se organik hingga 6 mg/kg pada ikan yang diberi pakan protein tinggi menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan dan biomassa akhir yang lebih tinggi, FCR yang lebih rendah, dan efisiensi pemanfaatan protein pakan yang lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan lain. Selain itu, suplementasi Se organik juga menghasilkan kadar lemak yang lebih rendah dan konsentrasi Se tubuh yang lebih tinggi serta kadar protein darah yang lebih tinggi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu suplementasi Se organik pada pakan hingga 6 mg/kg dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan pemanfaatan protein pakan pada ikan lele yang diberi pakan dengan kadar protein rendah dan tinggi.   Kata kunci: ikan lele, pertumbuhan, protein pakan, pemanfaatan protein, selenium organik.

scholarly journals OPTIMUM PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS FOR FINISHING BROILER CHICKENS IN A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-253
Author(s):  
M. J. Olomu
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for finishing broiler chickens in a tropical environment. Dietary protein levels (20, 23 and 26 percent) and energy levels (2800, 3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg diet) tested had no significant effects on performance of finishing chickens fed fishmeal-containing rations. Rations based on cereals and groundnut meal, without fishmeal, did not support maximum liveweight gain and feed efficiency at dietary protein levels below 26 percent. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on carcass dressing percentages. Based on the present results, a protein level of 20 percent(for fishmeal containing rations) and 23 or 26 percent (for rations based on groundnut meal without fishmeal) and energy levels of 2800 to 3000 Kcal/Kg diet are tentatively recommended for finishing broiler chickens raised in a tropical country like Nigeria.

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