scholarly journals Effects of feeding and short-term fasting on water and electrolyte turnover in female mink (Mustela vison)

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Wamberg ◽  
Anne-Helene Tauson ◽  
Jan Elnif
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Mustela Vison ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Osmotic Pumps ◽  
The Mean

Daily (24 h) rates of water and electrolyte turnover were measured in a conventional balance study in ten adult female pastel mink (Mustela vison) given free access to a standard mink feed for a 1-week conditioning period, followed by a 4 d experimental period and a 2 d fasting period. Drinking water was available throughout. In addition, the completeness of urine collection and the fraction of urine collected with the faeces were determined using a new experimental technique based on 24 h recoveries of specific urinary markers such as tritiatedp-aminohippuric acid ([3H]PAH) or14C-1abelled inulin ([14C]IN) continuously delivered by small Alzet® osmotic pumps implanted intraperitoneally. During feeding the mean individual percentage recovery in urine of [3H]PAH released from tbe osmotic pumps ranged from 68 to 88% (median 78%). Tbe mean percentage of urinary [3H]PAH recovered from faecal collections was 6% (range 3–12%). In response to fasting the mean individual percentage recovery of [3H]PAH in urine ranged from 62 to 78% (median 68%). For urinary [14C]IN the mean percentage recoveries in fed and fasted animals were 79 and 63% respectively. Furthermore, during fasting, withdrawal of the supplies of dietary water caused a slight but insignificant (P = 0·17) increase in the daily intake of drinking water and, hence, the animals maintained their normal water balance by a dramatic reduction in urine excretion (P < 0·001). At the same time urinary solute excretion declined significantly (P < 0·001), due in part to the cessation of dietary electrolyte intake and in part to reduced formation of urea, whereas urinary osmolality decreased only moderately. The mean 24 h balances of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl and P were close to zero and only minor differences between the feeding and fasting periods were observed. When corrected for the measured inaccuracies in urine collection the balance data obtained in the present study represent useful reference standards for normally fed and fasted non-growing mink and, to some extent, useful guidelines for future studies in experimental animals.

Water intake and excretion, urinary solute excretion and some stress indicators in mink (Mustela vison): 2. Short-term response of adult males to changes in ambient temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-H. Tauson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Solute Excretion

AbstractQuantitative water intake and excretion, urinary osmolality and urinary excretion of Na, K and cortisol were studied in an experiment with nine adult male mink. The experiment comprised four periods each of 3 days, and ambient temperature (Ta) was increased from 5°C to 20 °C (periods 1 to 2) and, after an interval of 1 day, continued at 20°C and then decreased to 5°C (periods 3 to 4). Three different water supplies were given, namely E: extra water in the food, N: normal ad libitum water supply or R: restricted, free access to drinking water twice daily. Intake of metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated, and the water intake and excretion data were related to ME intake. The effect of Ta on quantitative water intake and excretion was evident, with the greatest response recorded when Ta was decreased. Intake of drinking water was highest at 20 °C, as well as the total water balance. The water supply had some, but not a profound, influence on water intake and excretion, with tendencies for reduced drinking water intake and water excretion in urine for R mink. Intake of ME decreased during period 3 at 20 °C and then increased when Ta was decreased to 5°C, which was reflected by an increased 24-h excretion of Na and K as well as an increased osmolality of the urine. Therefore, it was concluded that water intake and excretion were affected by combined effects of Ta and ME intake. Generally, it was shown that the mink responded rapidly to changes in Ta, and within 24 h significant effects of the change could be recorded for several of the traits studied.

The water intake of British Friesian cows on rations containing various forages

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
Thesca P. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThe intake of drinking water of lactating British Friesian cows in 14 herds with a total of 840 animals was measured monthly from November to April inclusive. The intake of food, the air temperature and relative humidity were also recorded. The herds which mainly contained autumn-calved cows were managed under controlled commercial conditions.The average daily intake of drinking water was 49·9 (range 20·1 to 87·1) kg/cow for animals yielding an average of 16·8 kg milk/day in an environment with a mean temperature of 8·2°C and a relative humidity of 84·8%. The amount of water drunk daily was positively and significantly related to the mean daily milk yield and the drymatter content of the ration, but not significantly related to either the mean air temperature or the relative humidity. The average intake of water was 3·70 kg per kg of dry matter consumed after subtracting the amount of water in the milk. On average, 40·0% of the total daily intake of water was drunk between 15·00 and 21·00 hr.Behaviour studies of 24 hr duration on five herds showed that drinking time ranged from 2·0 to 7·8 min/cow per day, and the rate of drinking varied from 4·5 to 14·9 kg/min.Recommendations are made for the provision of drinking water for dairy cows being offered a wide range of forages under modern conditions of housing.

REPLETION OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN IN THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. YOUNG ◽  
H. B. VAN DYKE
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Neurohypophysial Hormones ◽  
Depletion Rate ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY Rats deprived of drinking water for 7 days showed a striking depletion of neurohypophysial hormones from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The average daily depletion rate was estimated to be 93 m-u. for vasopressin and 97 m-u. for oxytocin. When rats were allowed free access to water, dehydration was rapidly corrected as shown by normal haematocrit values and plasma osmolarities. Repletion of neurohypophysial hormones, rapid in the first 24 hr., continued gradually thereafter. The mean calculated repletion rate was 41 m-u./day for vasopressin and 42 m-u./day for oxytocin. Repletion was completed about 14 days after rehydration.

scholarly journals Assessing water intake of adults during consultation: the striking discrepancy between a prospective record, an open and a frequency question

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Guelinckx ◽  
Clémentine Morin ◽  
Luis A. Moreno ◽  
Stavros A. Kavouras ◽  
Homero Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Drinking Frequency ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Single Question

AbstractHealth care professionals often ask their patients questions about their water intake, or water drinking frequency. The aim of the present analysis was to compare 3 questions (prospective 7-day fluid record, an open question (OQ) and a frequency question (FQ)) used to record the volumes of water drank.8159 participants (18–65 years) from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed was recorded. On day 8, participants answered the following questions: “On average, what is your daily intake of water? (Tap water, bottled still and/or sparkling water)” and “How often do you consume drinking water (tap water, bottled still and sparking water): at least once a day or several times a day?”.When asked about the amount of water consumed, 63–76% of participants in all countries, except for Uruguay and Indonesia, estimated their water intake to be 1–2L to 2–3 L/day, 75–88% of participants reported drinking less than 1L of water/day in the record. In Uruguay, 74% of participants reported in the OQ drinking less than 0.4 L/day and 8% drinking 2–3 L/day, while the 7-day record showed that 56% drank less than 0.4 L/day, 2% drank 2–3 L/day and 32% drank 0.4 L/day. In Indonesia, 17% of participants didn't know how much they drank when asked the OQ. Moreover, 7% estimated drinking ≥ 3 L/day when asked the OQ while only 21% recorded this amount. When comparing water intake reported through the FQ and the 7-day record, 34–75% of participants accurately reported drinking water at least once a day. Nevertheless, in Indonesia, where the mean water intake was high (2.16 L/day), only 1% of participants reported drinking water at least once a day but actually drank water less frequently. In the other countries, where the mean water intake was lower (0.49–0.76L/day in Uruguay and Brazil respectively), 20–42% of participants reported drinking water at least once a day but actually drank water less frequently.Despite recently recording their water intake for 7 days, it was still difficult for adults to estimate how much and how often they drank when asked a single question. These results suggest a lack of awareness in adults of frequency and volume of water intake and illustrate the need for quick, valid methods that health care professionals can use to assess water intake.

scholarly journals Relationship between tissue mobilization and storage in the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
Philip R Payne ◽  
Amal Ghusain-Choueiri
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Tissue Storage ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Dugdale Model ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Energy

The amount of energy mobilized or stored as protein, expressed as a proportion of the total energy stored or mobilized (defined as the P ratio, Payne & Dugdale, 1977), was investigated in the young male (rapid growth) and adult female (slow growth) rat. Energy mobilization was induced by a 3 d fast and the changes in body content of fat and lean tissues were used to estimate the fasting P ratio (Pfast). Tissue storage was subsequently effected by 17 d of refeeding and the corresponding ratio (Prefed) was calculated from the amounts of lean and fat tissue regained. The same experimental protocol was used for measuring Pfast and Prefed in weanling (30d) and adult (130d) rats. Weight-matched individuals were assigned to three groups. All animals in group 1 were killed at the beginning of the experiment. Animals in group 2 were fasted for 3d and then killed. Group 3 animals were first fasted for 3d, then had free access to a stock diet for a further 17 d before being killed. During fasting, a close linear relationship was found between weight change and body energy changes (r 0·985, and r 0·92, P < 0·001 for weanlings and adult rats respectively) and between carcass N loss and urinary N loss (r 0·933, P < 0·001). These relationships were used to estimate the body energy and N content of each animal at the end of the initial fasting period. Hence, both Pfast and Prefed values could be calculated for all individuals at both ages. When Pfast and Prefed were calculated for adult rats, the mean values were similar (0·138 (SE 0·002) and 0·130 (SE 0·006) respectively). Individually, the Pfast, and Prefed values were correlated (r 0·54, P = 0·058). In weanling rats, the mean Prefed value was about 2·5 times the Pfast (0·421 (SE 0·0113) v. 0·156 (SE 0·004)). Despite the differences in Pfast and Prefed, the individual values were again correlated (r 0·668, P < 0·05). These results support the suggestion made by Payne & Dugdale (1977), that particular P- ratio values are characteristic of individuals and describe the extent to which protein is mobilized or stored during fasting or refeeding. These observations are discussed in relation to the predictions made by the Payne-Dugdale model.

scholarly journals Is Dietary Iodine Intake Excessive According to the Theoretical Model of Healthy Dietary Intake Pattern in Pregnant Women and Schoolchildren: Water, Salt, or Food?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Carare Candido ◽  
Sarah Aparecida Vieira Ribeiro ◽  
Mariana de Souza Macedo ◽  
Edimar Aparecida Filomeno Fontes ◽  
Eliana Carla Gomes De Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Plan

Introduction: Iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause hypothyroidism and goiter; in schoolchildren, it can cause reduced intelligence quotient. In excess, iodine can cause thyroiditis, goiter, and Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Currently, schoolchildren and pregnant women are classified as risk groups for excessive iodine intake and iodine deficiency, respectively. Thus, determining iodine from all sources of consumption is important for intervention planning.Objective: To construct a theoretical model for the iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women of a city in the Zona da Mata Mineira region, considering a healthy diet, salt consumption and water intake.Methodology: The dietary iodine intake of pregnant women was analyzed based on a dietary iodine table compiled from an international database. A dietary plan was prepared following the Brazilian Food Guide. Iodine concentration of different salt brands sold in local establishments was checked, and drinking water samples from healthcare facilities were analyzed. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed and the results were presented in absolute and relative frequencies, and measures of central tendency and dispersion.Results: According to the proposed diet, pregnant women and schoolchildren would have a daily intake of 71.6 μg and 71 μg, respectively. Thirteen salt brands were evaluated, 69.2% complied with the legislation and the mean iodine content was 29.88 mg. The mean concentration of iodine in water was 25 μg iodine/liter and 14 μg iodine/liter, respectively, in summer and autumn. Considering the intake of food, salt, and drinking water according to the proposed dietary plan, the daily intake for pregnant women would be 279.5 and 253.5 μg for schoolchildren.Conclusion: The daily iodine intake of schoolchildren and pregnant women according to this theoretical model was excessive, considering a healthy dietary pattern. This theoretical model can guide actions and public policies aimed at targeting all forms of iodine intake.

Colorimetric Determination of Fluoride in Drinking Groundwater using a Polymeric Zirconium Complex of 5-(2-Carboxyphenylazo)-8-Hydroxyquinoline

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
Sameer Amereih ◽  
Zaher Barghouthi ◽  
Lamees Majjiad
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Zirconium Complex ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Percentage Recovery ◽  
Quantitation Limit

A sensitive colorimetric determination of fluoride in drinking water has been developed using a polymeric zirconium complex of 5-(2-Carboxyphenylazo)-8-Hydroxyquinoline as fluoride reagents. The method allowed a reliable determination of fluoride in range of (0.0-1.5) mg L-1. The molar absorptivity of the complex formation is 7695 ± 27 L mol-1 cm-1 at 460 nm. The sensitivity, detection limit, quantitation limit, and percentage recovery for 1.0 mg L-1 fluoride for the proposed method were found to be 0.353 ± 0.013 μg mL-1, 0.1 mg L-1, 0.3 mg L-1, and 101.7 ± 4.1, respectively.

scholarly journals Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Ahmad ◽  
Elizabeth H. Bailey ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Sher Ahmed ◽  
Michael J. Watts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
North East ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan

AbstractIodine and selenium deficiencies are common worldwide. We assessed the iodine and selenium status of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. We determined the elemental composition (ICP-MS) of locally grown crops (n = 281), drinking water (n = 82), urine (n = 451) and salt (n = 76), correcting urinary analytes for hydration (creatinine, specific gravity). We estimated dietary iodine, selenium and salt intake. Median iodine and selenium concentrations were 11.5 (IQR 6.01, 23.2) and 8.81 (IQR 4.03, 27.6) µg/kg in crops and 0.24 (IQR 0.12, 0.72) and 0.27 (IQR 0.11, 0.46) µg/L in water, respectively. Median iodised salt iodine was 4.16 (IQR 2.99, 10.8) mg/kg. Population mean salt intake was 13.0 g/day. Population median urinary iodine (uncorrected 78 µg/L, specific gravity-corrected 83 µg/L) was below WHO guidelines; creatinine-corrected median was 114 µg/L but was unreliable. Daily selenium intake (from urinary selenium concentration) was below the EAR in the majority (46–90%) of individuals. Iodine and selenium concentrations in all crops were low, but no health-related environmental standards exist. Iodine concentration in iodised salt was below WHO-recommended minimum. Estimated population average salt intake was above WHO-recommended daily intake. Locally available food and drinking water together provide an estimated 49% and 72% of EAR for iodine (95 µg/day) and selenium (45 µg/day), respectively. Low environmental and dietary iodine and selenium place Gilgit-Baltistan residents at risk of iodine deficiency disorders despite using iodised salt. Specific gravity correction of urine analysis for hydration is more consistent than using creatinine. Health-relevant environmental standards for iodine and selenium are needed.

scholarly journals Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Emamian ◽  
Hossein Ebrahimi ◽  
Hassan Hashemi ◽  
Akbar Fotouhi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of hypertension in Iranian students, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily intake of salt in students and its association with high blood pressure. Methods A random sub-sample was selected from the participants of the second phase of Shahroud schoolchildren eye cohort study and then a random urine sample was tested for sodium, potassium and creatinine. Urine electrolyte esexcretion and daily salt intake were calculated by Tanaka et al.’s formula. Results Among 1455 participants (including 230 participants from rural area and 472 girls), the mean age was 12.9 ± 1.7 year and the mean daily salt intake was 9.7 ± 2.6 g (95% CI 9.5–9.8). The mean salt consumption in rural areas [10.8 (95% CI 10.4–11.2)] was higher than urban areas [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], in people with hypertension [10.8 (95% CI 10.3–11.3)] was more than people with normal blood pressure [9.4 (95% CI 9.3–9.6)], and in boys [9.8 (95% CI 9.7–10.0)] was more than girls [9.3 (95% CI 9.1–9.6)]. Higher age, BMI z-score, male sex and rural life, were associated with increased daily salt intake. Increased salt intake was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion Daily salt intake in Iranian adolescents was about 2 times the recommended amount of the World Health Organization, was higher in rural areas and was associated with blood pressure. Reducing salt intake should be considered as an important intervention, especially in rural areas.

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