Infant intake of fatty acids from human milk over the first year of lactation

Despite the importance of human milk fatty acids for infant growth and development, there are few reports describing infant intakes of individual fatty acids. We have measured volume, fat content and fatty acid composition of milk from each breast at each feed over a 24h period to determine the mean daily amounts of each fatty acid delivered to the infant from breast milk at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of lactation in five women. Daily (24h) milk production was 336·60 (sem 26·21) and 414·49 (sem 28·39) ml and milk fat content was 36·06 (sem 1·37) and 34·97 (sem 1·50) g/l for left and right breasts respectively over the course of the first year of lactation. Fatty acid composition varied over the course of the day (mean CV 14·3 (sd 7·7) %), but did not follow a circadian rhythm. The proportions (g/100g total fatty acids) of fatty acids differed significantly between mothers (P<0·05) and over the first year of lactation (P<0·05). However, amounts (g) of most fatty acids delivered to the infant over 24h did not differ during the first year of lactation and only the amounts of 18:3n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 delivered differed between mothers (P<0·05). Mean amounts of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 delivered to the infant per 24h over the first year of lactation were 2·380 (sd 0·980), 0·194 (sd 0·074), 0·093 (sd 0·031) and 0·049 (sd 0·021) g respectively. These results suggest that variation in proportions of fatty acids may not translate to variation in the amount delivered and that milk production and fat content need to be considered.

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Lipid Profile, Lipase Bioactivity, and Lipophilic Antioxidant Content in High Pressure Processed Donor Human Milk

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11091972 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1972 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wesolowska ◽

Brys ◽

Barbarska ◽

Strom ◽

Szymanska-Majchrzak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Pressure ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Induction Time ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Human Milk Fat

Human milk fat plays an essential role as the source of energy and cell function regulator; therefore, the preservation of unique human milk donors’ lipid composition is of fundamental importance. To compare the effects of high pressure processing (HPP) and holder pasteurization on lipidome, human milk was processed at 62.5 °C for 30 min and at five variants of HPP from 450 MPa to 600 MPa, respectively. Lipase activity was estimated with QuantiChrom™ assay. Fatty acid composition was determined with the gas chromatographic technique, and free fatty acids content by titration with 0.1 M KOH. The positional distribution of fatty acid in triacylglycerols was performed. The oxidative induction time was obtained from the pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Carotenoids in human milk were measured by liquid chromatography. Bile salt stimulated lipase was completely eliminated by holder pasteurization, decreased at 600 MPa, and remained intact at 200 + 400 MPa; 450 MPa. The fatty acid composition and structure of human milk fat triacylglycerols were unchanged. The lipids of human milk after holder pasteurization had the lowest content of free fatty acids and the shortest induction time compared with samples after HPP. HPP slightly changed the β-carotene and lycopene levels, whereas the lutein level was decreased by 40.0% up to 60.2%, compared with 15.8% after the holder pasteurization.

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Fatty acid composition of milk fat from three breeds of dairy cattle

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-040 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 267-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

E. J. DePeters ◽

J. F. Medrano ◽

B. A. Reed

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Key Words ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Fatty Acids ◽

Brown Swiss

The proportion of MCFA in milk fat was lowest for Holstein, highest for Jersey, and intermediate for Brown Swiss cows. Proportions of SCFA (C4:0 to C8:0) and LCFA (> 18 C) did not differ among breeds. Differences in fatty acid composition among breeds were small, but could contribute to differences in manufacturing properties of milk fat. Key words: Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, milk fatty acids

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Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Dietary, Genetic, Sociodemographic and Environmental Factors in the CHILD Cohort (P08-114-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz044.p08-114-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kozeta Miliku ◽

Qing Ling Duan ◽

Theo J Moraes ◽

Allan B Becker ◽

Puishkumar Mandhane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Human Milk ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Fatty Acids ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Fatty Acid Patterns

Abstract Objectives Human milk fatty acids impact infant growth and development, and their composition is highly variable. We aimed to characterize milk fatty acid composition in a large pregnancy cohort and identify factors that influence their variability. Methods Among 1094 mothers from the CHILD cohort, we analyzed milk collected at 3–4 months postpartum. Fatty acids were measured by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Individual fatty acids, total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), n3 and n6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA and n6-PUFA) were analyzed as standard deviation scores and using principal components analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in genes encoding fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1 rs174556) and FADS2 (rs174575). Results Using PCA, we identified four milk fatty acid patterns: ‘MUFA and low SFA’, ‘high n6-PUFA’, ‘high n3-PUFA’ and ‘high medium-chain fatty acids’. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with docosohexanoic acid and the “high-n3-PUFA” pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1 rs174556 (C > T) had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA). Independent of dietary and genetic factors, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid and total n3-PUFA. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by the FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFA and ‘high medium-chain fatty acid’ pattern, and lower total MUFA. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, smoking, delivery mode, or infant sex. Conclusions These results suggest that a combination of diet, genetics, sociodemographic, health and environmental factors influence human milk fatty acid patterns. Together, these factors explained about 25% of the variation observed in n3-PUFAs and n6-PUFAs and about 10% of the variation observed in SFAs and MUFAs. Implications of these findings for maternal and infant health requires further research. Funding Sources Manitoba Medical Service Foundation; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba; CIHR; AllerGen.

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Fat content and fatty acids profile of colostrum and milk of primitive Konik horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant.) during six months of lactation

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029908003336 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 302-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jan Pikul ◽

Jacek Wójtowski ◽

Romualda Danków ◽

Beata Kuczyńska ◽

Jacek Łojek

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Equus Caballus ◽

Fat Content ◽

Slight Effect ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Fatty Acids Profile

The effect of the stage of lactation, the number of foals and age of the mare on changes in the fat content and fatty acid composition of colostrum and milk of primitive Konik horses was investigated. Colostrum and milk samples from 12 lactating mares were collected at the beginning of lactation, on the days 1 and 2 after foaling and then, starting from the first month of lactation, at 4-week intervals up to the sixth month of lactation. Significant differences were observed in fat content as well as the composition of some analysed fatty acids between colostrum and milk of mares of the Konik breed. The number of foalings and the age of mares did not have a statistically significant effect on the fat content in milk and had only a slight effect on the fatty acid composition. Milk produced by mares of the Konik breed is characterized by a considerable content of polyene fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms, a low ratio of n-6 fatty acids to n-3 fatty acids as well as low, highly advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices.

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Changes in Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Lactation: The Ulm SPATZ Health Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11122842 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2842 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Linda P. Siziba ◽

Leonie Lorenz ◽

Bernd Stahl ◽

Marko Mank ◽

Tamas Marosvölgyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Total Lipid Content ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Time Points ◽

Log Ratio ◽

Over Time

The lipid fraction of human milk provides the infant with the fatty acids that are necessary for optimal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of human milk at three time points during lactation and its change over time using appropriate statistical methods. Human milk samples from breastfeeding mothers at 6 weeks (n = 706), 6 months (n = 483), and 12 months (n = 81 with all three time points) were analyzed. Centered log-ratio (clr) transformation was applied to the fatty acid data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and generalized linear model-based repeated measure analysis were used to assess changes over time. The total lipid content was significantly higher at 6 months (β = 0.199, p < 0.029) and 12 months of lactation (β = 0.421, p < 0.001). The constituents of C20:3n-6 and C20:3n-3 were lower at 6 months (p < 0.001). Four distinct sub-compositional fatty acid groups were only identified at 12 months of lactation. The inclusion of small fatty acids of small constituent size in the analysis resulted in a shift in the balance between fatty acid constituents. Human milk fatty acid composition during prolonged lactation is different from that of human milk during a short duration of lactation. Our findings support the hypothesis that a combination of multiple fatty acids is important in fatty acid profiling beyond the presentation of individual fatty acids. Furthermore, the high variability of small fatty acids warrants attention because a compositional analysis may show more pronounced changes.

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Lipid content and fatty acid composition in foods commonly consumed by nursing Congolese women: incidences on their essential fatty acid intakes and breast milk fatty acids

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition ◽

10.3109/09637489809089409 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 343-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

G. Rocquelin ◽

S. Tapsoba ◽

F. Mbemba ◽

G. Gallon ◽

C. Picq

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Essential Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Lipid Content ◽

Milk Fatty Acids

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Milk fat triacylglycerols and their relations with milk fatty acid composition, DGAT1 K232A polymorphism, and milk production traits

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2015-10592 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 3624-3631 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D.A. Tzompa-Sosa ◽

H.J.F. van Valenberg ◽

G.A. van Aken ◽

H. Bovenhuis

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Production Traits ◽

Milk Production Traits

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Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows' milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029905000919 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 349-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Kevin J Shingfield ◽

Pirjo Salo-Väänänen ◽

Eero Pahkala ◽

Vesa Toivonen ◽

Seija Jaakkola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Vitamin Content ◽

Concentrate Level ◽

Conservation Method

Based on potential health benefits, there is a need to develop effective strategies for enhancing milk fat concentrations of cis-9 18[ratio ]1, 18[ratio ]3 n-3 and conjugated linoleic (CLA) content in milk without compromising the sensory or storage characteristics of processed milk or dairy products. Sixteen Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-d experimental periods and a 4×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of forage conservation method, concentrate level and supplements of propylene glycol (PG), and their interactions on milk fatty acid composition and vitamin content. Experimental treatments consisted of four conserved forages offered ad libitum, supplemented with two levels of a standard concentrate (7 or 10 kg/d) and PG (0 and 210 g/d) fed as three equal meals. Primary growths of timothy and meadow fescue sward were conserved by ensiling with none (NA), an inoculant enzyme preparation (IE) or a formic acid based (FORM) additive or as hay 1 week later. Conservation of grass by drying rather than ensiling resulted in lower forage 18[ratio ]2n-6, 18[ratio ]3n-3, total fatty acid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. In spite of lower intakes, milk fat 18[ratio ]2n-6 and 18[ratio ]3n-3 content was higher (P<0·05) for hay than for silage diets (12·1, 9·6, 9·6 and 9·3 and 5·00, 3·51, 4·27 and 2·93 g/kg total fatty acids, for hay, NA, IE and FORM silages, respectively). Forage conservation method had no clear effects on milk trans 18[ratio ]1 or CLA content. Compared with silage, hay diets resulted in milk containing lower (P<0·001) riboflavin, α-tocopherol and β-carotene concentrations, but had no effect on ascorbic acid, thiamine, pyridoxine or retinol content. Feeding more concentrates had no effect on milk fatty acid composition or milk vitamin content, other than lowering (P<0·001) 16[ratio ]0 concentrations from 348 to 338 g/kg fatty acids. Supplements of PG led to small (P<0·05) increases in milk 13[ratio ]0 anteiso and 15[ratio ]0 content from 1·06 and 11·3 to 1·22 and 12·6 g/kg fatty acids and reduced (P<0·05) the concentrations of ascorbic acid (16·1 v. 15·1 g/kg milk).

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Milk yield and composition of milk and blood as indicators of energy intake by Jersey cows

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9740657 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 657 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

TH Stobbs ◽

DJ Brett

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Jersey Cows

Jersey cows were used in a change-over design to examine the effect of three levels of energy intake (lucerne hay at 100, 75 and 50% ad lib.) on milk yield, milk composition, fatty acid composition of milk fat, and blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, glucose and total ketones) to determine which measurement was the most accurate indicator of intake of energy. Milk yields averaged 9.9, 8.7 and 7.2 kg/cow/day with relative intakes of 100, 75 and 50% of ad lib. When energy was restricted the proportion of C4–C16 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (72, 69 and 59%), while the proportion of oleic acid increased (15, 18 and 26%). These changes occurred within approximately 6 days on new energy levels. Fore milk and strippings had similar fatty acid proportions. Restriction of energy reduced the solids not fat, protein and casein contents of milk, and increased its butter fat percentage. Non-esterifred fatty acid levels in blood plasma increased with restriction of feed (348, 528 and 579 µ-equiv./l). Glucose and ketone bodies of blood averaged 58 mg/100 ml and 9.1 mg/100 mi respectively, and did not vary between treatments. It is concluded that milk production is the most sensitive indicator of the intake of digestible energy where change-over designs are used. However, when individual animal variation is not removed in the analysis, the intake of energy is most closely correlated with the fatty acid composition of milk fat (r = 0.73 and –0.74 for C4–C16 acids and oleic acid respectively). Significant correlations with the protein to fat and casein to fat ratios of milk were also measured (r = 0.64 and 0.63 respectively). There was a poor relationship between energy intake and blood composition (r = –0.25 for non-esterified fatty acid content).

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