scholarly journals Kyllinga nemoralis (white kyllinga).

Author(s):  
Eduardo Ventosa-Febles

Abstract Kyllingia nemoralis is a perennial sedge native to the tropical Old World that has been introduced elsewhere in Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Americas. Several species of Cyperaceae are listed as highly invasive worldwide. Sedges of the genus Kyllinga are recognized for their invasive tendencies in tropical climates. K. nemoralis exhibits characteristics common to the success of an invasive species, such as asexual spreading, positive reaction to human-caused disturbance, early and consistent reproduction and small seeds. In the tropics, it can be competitive with grass species and is sometimes aggressive in lawns, turf and pasture. A related species K. polyphylla, is a major weed of improved pastures, but can be suppressed by competition from vigorous, well managed grasses. K. nemoralis is listed as invasive in a number of islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Lengaigne ◽  

<p>Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on the climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical Pacific, is the most prominent and well-known year-to-year variation on Earth. Its reach is global, and its impacts on society and the environment are legion. Because ENSO is so strong, it can excite other modes of climate variability in the Indian Ocean by altering the general circulation of the atmosphere. However, ocean-atmosphere interactions internal to the Indian Ocean are capable of generating distinct modes of climate variability as well. Whether the Indian Ocean can feedback onto Atlantic and Pacific climate has been an on-going matter of debate. We are now beginning to realize that the tropics, as a whole, are a tightly inter-connected system, with strong feedbacks from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans onto the Pacific. These two-way interactions affect the character of ENSO and Pacific decadal variability and shed new light on the recent hiatus in global warming.</p><p>Here we review advances in our understanding of pantropical interbasins climate interactions with the Indian Ocean and their implications for both climate prediction and future climate projections. ENSO events force changes in the Indian Ocean than can feed back onto the Pacific. Along with reduced summer monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent, a developing El Niño can trigger a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in fall and an Indian Ocean Basinwide (IOB) warming in winter and spring. Both IOD and IOB can feed back onto ENSO. For example, a positive IOD can favor the onset of El Niño, and an El Niño–forced IOB can accelerate the demise of an El Niño and its transition to La Niña. These tropical interbasin linkages however vary on decadal time scales. Warming during a positive phase of Atlantic Multidecadal Variability over the past two decades has strengthened the Atlantic forcing of the Indo-Pacific, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the Pacific trade winds, cooling of the tropical Pacific, and warming of the Indian Ocean. These interactions forced from the tropical Atlantic were largely responsible for the recent hiatus in global surface warming.</p><p>Climate modeling studies to address these issues are unfortunately compromised by pronounced systematic errors in the tropics that severely suppress interactions with the Indian and Pacific Oceans. As a result, there could be considerable uncertainty in future projections of Indo-Pacific climate variability and the background conditions in which it is embedded. Projections based on the current generation of climate models suggest that Indo-Pacific mean-state changes will involve slower warming in the eastern than in the western Indian Ocean. Given the presumed strength of the Atlantic influence on the pantropics, projections of future climate change could be substantially different if systematic model errors in the Atlantic were corrected. There is hence tremendous potential for improving seasonal to decadal climate predictions and for improving projections of future climate change in the tropics though advances in our understanding of the dynamics that govern interbasin linkages.</p>


1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 992-995
Author(s):  
Jan Kohlmeyer ◽  
Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer

The marine ascomycete Dryosphaera tropicalis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., sp.nov., is described from the Caribbean (Tobago), the Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka, Thailand), and the Pacific Ocean (Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, and Molokai). The new species occurs on intertidal and supratidal wood on sandy beaches. It is compared with the type species, Dryosphaera navigans from temperate waters, and differs mainly by ascospore dimensions and appendages. Key words: arenicolous fungi, ascomycetes, Dryosphaera, marine fungi, tropics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Sindy Maharani ◽  
Hasti Amrih Rejeki

Intisari Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) merupakan osilasi gelombang submusiman di wilayah tropis yang berpropagasi ke arah timur dari Samudera Hindia melewati Benua Maritim Indonesia (BMI) hingga Samudera Pasifik. Propagasi MJO dapat meningkatkan konvektivitas dan curah hujan pada wilayah yang dilewatinya. Lampung merupakan salah satu wilayah di BMI bagian barat yang berbatasan dengan Samudera Hindia sebagai tempat awal kemunculan MJO. Posisi Lampung tersebut menyebabkan perbedaan insolasi antara daratan dan lautan secara diurnal sehingga siklus diurnal ikut berperan dalam pembentukan cuaca. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh propagasi MJO dari Fase 3-5 pada tahun 2018 terhadap siklus diurnal dinamika atmosfer dan curah hujan di Lampung. Siklus diurnal dianalisis dengan membagi empat periode waktu yaitu dini hari (00.00-06.00 LT), pagi hari (06.00-12.00 LT), siang hari (12.00-18.00 LT) dan malam hari (18.00-00.00 LT). Berdasarkan rata-rata komposit data Reanalysis ECMWF, GSMaP, dan curah hujan observasi didapatkan bahwa selama penjalarannya MJO menguat ketika Fase 3-4 dan melemah ketika Fase 5. Secara diurnal konvektivitas yang kuat dan curah hujan tinggi terjadi di perairan pada dini hari hingga pagi hari, di daerah pesisir pada siang hari, dan di daratan pada malam hari yang meningkat dari Fase 3-4 dan melemah pada Fase 5. Hujan menjalar dari Lampung bagian barat menuju Lampung bagian tengah dengan jeda waktu selama 2-5 jam ketika Fase 3, 4-7 jam ketika Fase 4, dan 1-2 jam ketika Fase 5. Pada Fase 3-5 hujan terjadi di Lampung bagian timur dengan perbedaan waktu 1-3 jam dari Lampung bagian tengah.   Abstract Madden Julian oscillation (MJO) is a sub-seasonal wave oscillation in the tropics that propagates eastward from the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC) until the Pacific Ocean. MJO propagation can increase convective and rainfall in the regions it passes. Lampung is one of the regions in the western IMC which near the Indian Ocean for the MJO first appeared. The Lampung position causes different insolation between land and sea diurnally, so the diurnal cycles play an important role in weather formation. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of MJO propagation phases 3-5 in 2018 on the diurnal cycle of atmospheric dynamics and rainfall in Lampung. The diurnal cycle was analyzed by dividing four periods of time, in the early morning (00-06 LT), morning (06-12 LT), afternoon (12-18 LT), and night (18-00 LT). Based on the average composite of ECMWF, GSMaP, and precipitation observations data were obtained that propagation MJO strengthens during phase 3-4 and weakens during phase 5. Diurnal strong convective and high rainfall occur in the oceans from early morning to morning, in coastal during the day, and on land at night which increases from phase 3-4 and weakens in phase 5. Rain propagates from western Lampung to central Lampung with a time lag of 2-5 hours during phase 3, 4-7 hours when phases 4, and 1 -2 hours during phase 5. In the 3-5 phase, rain occurs in eastern Lampung with a time difference of 1-3 hours from central Lampung.  


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.


2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 1553-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Schreck ◽  
Matthew A. Janiga ◽  
Stephen Baxter

Abstract This study applies Fourier filtering to a combination of rainfall estimates from TRMM and forecasts from the CFSv2. The combined data are filtered for low-frequency (LF, ≥120 days) variability, the MJO, and convectively coupled equatorial waves. The filtering provides insight into the sources of skill for the CFSv2. The LF filter, which encapsulates persistent anomalies generally corresponding with SSTs, has the largest contribution to forecast skill beyond week 2. Variability within the equatorial Pacific is dominated by its response to ENSO, such that both the unfiltered and the LF-filtered forecasts are skillful over the Pacific through the entire 45-day CFSv2 forecast. In fact, the LF forecasts in that region are more skillful than the unfiltered forecasts or any combination of the filters. Verifying filtered against unfiltered observations shows that subseasonal variability has very little opportunity to contribute to skill over the equatorial Pacific. Any subseasonal variability produced by the model is actually detracting from the skill there. The MJO primarily contributes to CFSv2 skill over the Indian Ocean, particularly during March–May and MJO phases 2–5. However, the model misses opportunities for the MJO to contribute to skill in other regions. Convectively coupled equatorial Rossby waves contribute to skill over the Indian Ocean during December–February and the Atlantic Ocean during September–November. Convectively coupled Kelvin waves show limited potential skill for predicting weekly averaged rainfall anomalies since they explain a relatively small percent of the observed variability.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Bell ◽  
Haripriya Rangan ◽  
Manuel M. Fernandes ◽  
Christian A. Kull ◽  
Daniel J. Murphy

Acacia s.l. farnesiana , which originates from Mesoamerica, is the most widely distributed Acacia s.l. species across the tropics. It is assumed that the plant was transferred across the Atlantic to southern Europe by Spanish explorers, and then spread across the Old World tropics through a combination of chance long-distance and human-mediated dispersal. Our study uses genetic analysis and information from historical sources to test the relative roles of chance and human-mediated dispersal in its distribution. The results confirm the Mesoamerican origins of the plant and show three patterns of human-mediated dispersal. Samples from Spain showed greater genetic diversity than those from other Old World tropics, suggesting more instances of transatlantic introductions from the Americas to that country than to other parts of Africa and Asia. Individuals from the Philippines matched a population from South Central Mexico and were likely to have been direct, trans-Pacific introductions. Australian samples were genetically unique, indicating that the arrival of the species in the continent was independent of these European colonial activities. This suggests the possibility of pre-European human-mediated dispersal across the Pacific Ocean. These significant findings raise new questions for biogeographic studies that assume chance or transoceanic dispersal for disjunct plant distributions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zreik

AbstractThe Chinese Ministry of Commerce issued a statement Friday morning, July 6, 2018, confirming the outbreak of a trade war between the United States and China. The statement came after the United States imposed tariffs on many Chinese goods, in violation of international and bilateral agreements, and the destruction of the concept of free trade which the United States calls for following it. It is a war of opposite directions, especially the contradiction between the new Trump policy and the Chinese approach. The proof is what US Defense Secretary James Matisse announced in Singapore in early June 2018 of “the full strategy of the new United States, in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific,” where China was the “sole enemy of the United States” in China’s geostrategic region. Intentions have become publicized, and trade war between the two economic giants is turning into a reality. This paper will give an overview of the US-China scenario of trade war, then a focused analysis on the Trump’s administration economic decision regarding China, and the consequences of this decision.


Check List ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amruta Prasade ◽  
Deepak Apte ◽  
Purushottam Kale ◽  
Otto M.P. Oliveira

The benthic ctenophore Vallicula multiformis Rankin, 1956 is recorded for the first time in the Arabian Sea, from the Gulf of Kutch, west coast of India in March 2013. This occurrence represents a remarkable extension of its geographic distribution that until now included only known the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Yi Zhang ◽  
Yan Du ◽  
Wenju Cai ◽  
Zesheng Chen ◽  
Tomoki Tozuka ◽  
...  

<p>This study identifies a new triggering mechanism of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) from the Southern Hemisphere. This mechanism is independent from the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tends to induce the IOD before its canonical peak season. The joint effects of this mechanism and ENSO may explain different lifetimes and strengths of the IOD. During its positive phase, development of sea surface temperature cold anomalies commences in the southern Indian Ocean, accompanied by an anomalous subtropical high system and anomalous southeasterly winds. The eastward movement of these anomalies enhances the monsoon off Sumatra-Java during May-August, leading to an early positive IOD onset. The pressure variability in the subtropical area is related with the Southern Annular Mode, suggesting a teleconnection between high-latitude and mid-latitude climate that can further affect the tropics. To include the subtropical signals may help model prediction of the IOD event.</p>


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