Strategies to facilitate containment of genetically engineered crops.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (055) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Leigh Klocko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Food And Feed

Abstract Many of the food and feed crops grown in the United States of America (USA) are genetically engineered (GE) varieties of plants. GE plants have been grown commercially in the USA since 1996. However, their usage is controversial for a variety of reasons. A major concern is the possibility of gene flow from GE plantings to non-GE fields, or to wild or weedy relatives, as well as the possibility of the establishment of feral GE populations. Gene flow from GE to non-GE crops can impact the marketability of the crop product which received the genes. A related issue regarding gene flow from GE crops to other plants is the possibility of agricultural weeds acquiring crop protection traits, such as insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, as such weeds would lead to increased management challenges. The prevention of gene flow in crop plants can be achieved with various genetic containment strategies, some of which are more practical to implement than others. These methods include approaches such as physical distancing, utilizing natural sterility, and engineering sterility. The strategy selected needs to be aligned with the biology of the crop species and integrated into the field management plan. This review will focus on commercial GE crops currently grown in the USA, possible genetic containment strategies, as well as discuss possible future research needs.

Cultural Diversity and Trust in IT Adoption

2008 ◽  
pp. 3048-3061
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Gregory M. Rose ◽  
Merrill Warkentin ◽  
Paul A. Pavlou
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
It Adoption ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Individual

To trust means to have expectations about others’ (the trustees’) socially acceptable behavior. One of the central effects of this trust in the context of IT adoption is to increase the perceived usefulness (PU) of Information Technology (IT) associated with the trustee’s agency. One way of increasing this trust is through greater sociocultural similarity. Taking previous research into the realm of electronic voting, this paper posits that because trust is culture-dependent, it should decrease considerably as cultural diversity and differentiation increases. To investigate the role of trust in IT adoption in different cultures where dissimilar concepts of socially acceptable behavior exist, this study compares trust-related perceptions of an emerging IT (i.e., electronic voting) between the United States of America (USA) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). More specifically, the question was addressed by comparing the unique circumstances of the cultural changes in the RSA with the more socially integrated mainstream USA culture. In both cultures, a perceived sociocultural similarity between the individual and the agency in charge of the electronic voting IT contributed to both the establishment of trust and to an increase in the perceived usefulness of the IT, supporting and extending the extrapolations of past propositions to this new realm. However, only in the USA did trust contribute to the PU of the IT. The results suggest that when cultural diversity is large, trust becomes of lesser importance, perhaps because it can no longer reduce social uncertainty. Implications for researchers and governmental voting agencies are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.

scholarly journals Social ecology of intelligence and suicide in the United States revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
National Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa

State and oversea territory scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) domains of Mathematics, Reading, Science, and Writing (grades 4 and 8, averaged across assessments 1992-2005) were not reliably related to the suicide rates of these geographical units. The ecological (aggregate-level) correlations were modest, ranging from -.11 to .10, and did not change with controls for regional affluence (gross domestic product). While positive ecological correlations between regional intelligence and suicide mortality have been reported within several other countries (Austria, Belarus, Denmark, Ireland and The United Kingdom, and The Netherlands), the current results add to the inconsistent findings from four previous related studies (by Abel and Kruger and by Voracek) about the direction and magnitude of this correlation within the USA. Possible reasons for this conflicting set of findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Bibliometric analysis of the top 100 most cited studies in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) research

Narra J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tauseef Ahmad ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
Wanpen Chaicumpa ◽  
Jin Hui
Keyword(s):  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Prolific Authors

The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a glycoprotein which plays a vital role in different inflammatory conditions and in the catabolism of lipids and triglycerides. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the top 100 most cited studies on ApoE research. A bibliometric study was conducted. On January 18, 2021, studies published on ApoE were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection database without any limitations. The obtained data were analyzed for a number of attributes using HistCiteTM and VOSviewer software. The search yielded a total of 16,242 results. Of the total retrieved results, the top 100 most cited studies were selected. The top 100 most cited studies on ApoE were published from 1977 to 2017 and were cited 86,181 times. Single study citations ranged from 426 to 6,327. The studies were published in 41 journals authored by 589 authors. The study “Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families” was cited 6,327 times. Mahley RW, Roses AD, and Saunders AM were the most prolific authors who published ten studies each. Most of the studies were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. A total of 151 institutions were involved, and the USA was the most productive country. Our finding provides valuable insight on ApoE research which may be useful for researchers, academia, and funding agencies to identify new future research domains.

scholarly journals Current surveys may underestimate climate change skepticism evidence from list experiments in Germany and the USA

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0251034
Author(s):  
Liam F. Beiser-McGrath ◽  
Thomas Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation Policy ◽  
The Usa

Strong public support is a prerequisite for ambitious and thus costly climate change mitigation policy, and strong public concern over climate change is a prerequisite for policy support. Why, then, do most public opinion surveys indicate rather high levels of concern and rather strong policy support, while de facto mitigation efforts in most countries remain far from ambitious? One possibility is that survey measures for public concern fail to fully reveal the true attitudes of citizens due to social desirability bias. In this paper, we implemented list-experiments in representative surveys in Germany and the United States (N = 3620 and 3640 respectively) to assess such potential bias. We find evidence that people systematically misreport, that is, understate their disbelief in human caused climate change. This misreporting is particularly strong amongst politically relevant subgroups. Individuals in the top 20% of the income distribution in the United States and supporters of conservative parties in Germany exhibit significantly higher climate change skepticism according to the list experiment, relative to conventional measures. While this does not definitively mean that climate skepticism is a widespread phenomenon in these countries, it does suggest that future research should reconsider how climate change concern is measured, and what subgroups of the population are more susceptible to misreporting and why. Our findings imply that public support for ambitious climate policy may be weaker than existing survey research suggests.

scholarly journals In Search of the “Good Life”: The Appeal of the Tiny House Lifestyle in the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severin Mangold ◽  
Toralf Zschau
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Popular Culture ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Good Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Meaningful Experiences

Over the past decade, tiny houses and the lifestyle they promote have become a world-wide phenomenon, with the trend especially impactful in the United States. Given their broad appeal and increasing prominence within popular culture, it is surprising how little research exists on them. To help to better understand what motivates people to adopt this lifestyle, this paper presents insights from an exploratory study in the United States and offers the first contours of a new conceptual framework. Situating the lifestyle within the larger economic and cultural forces of our times, it argues that going “tiny” is seen by tiny house enthusiasts as a practical roadmap to the Good Life: A simpler life characterized by more security, autonomy, relationships, and meaningful experiences. The paper ends with a brief discussion of broader implications and directions for future research.

scholarly journals RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-603
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hai Ha ◽  
Pham Le Bich Hang ◽  
Nong Van Hai ◽  
Le Thi Thu Hien
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
The Us

The status of research, development and application of genetic technology in the US has been reflected through efforts and accomplishments in numerous fields including research, medicine, industrial biotechnology and agriculture in the past decades. In the area of medicine, the field of therapeutic purposes on human is the pioneer, in which gene therapy is attempted to carry out in various clinical trials. Diagnostic applications of human diseases which focus primarily on infectious diseases, cancer, pharmacogenomics and screening for inherited diseases by using molecular techniques related to PCR, next generation sequencing are followed. In addition, preparatory studies on human cells utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology have been undertaken in hopes of finding new treatments for cancer and rare form of eye disorder. In the field of agriculture, many large companies in the US have been developing varieties of genetically modified crops with traits of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, drought resistance and nutrition enhancement. Among the biotech crops, proportion of planted acres of genetically engineered soybean, corn and cotton were increased rapidly and forecasted to expand in the coming years. Studies on generating genetically modified animals and fisheries have also been concentrated in order to not only resist diseases, enhance nutrition, but also provide pharmaceutical compounds. Application of new gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 on plants and animals help biotech products have more opportunities to be approved for commercial sale in the US market. In general, although the research and application of genetic engineering in the US has outstripped worldwide, numerous obstacles are still encountered due to serious ethical regulations and controversy regarding to human health and environment. The US government continues to establish suitable policies and invest in science and technology to improve the quality of human life.

scholarly journals The Global Rise and the Complexity of Sesame Allergy: Prime Time to Regulate Sesame in the United States of America?

Allergies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Venugopal Gangur ◽  
Harini G. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Regulatory Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Government

Sesame allergy is a life-threatening disease that has been growing globally with poorly understood mechanisms. To protect sensitive consumers, sesame is regulated in many countries. There were four research goals for this work on sesame allergy: (i) to map the timeline, and the extent of its global rise; (ii) to dissect the complexity of the disease, and its mechanisms; (iii) to analyze the global regulation of sesame; and (iv) to map the directions for future research and regulation. We performed a literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar, using combinations of key words and analyzed the output. Regulatory information was obtained from the government agencies. Information relevant to the above goals was used to make interpretations. We found that: (i) the reports appeared first in 1950s, and then rapidly rose globally from 1990s; (ii) sesame contains protein and lipid allergens, a unique feature not found in other allergenic foods; (iii) it is linked to five types of diseases with understudied mechanisms; and (iv) it is a regulated allergen in 32 advanced countries excluding the USA. We also provide directions for filling gaps in the research and identify implications of possible regulation of sesame in the USA.

A Review of America's Religious Institutions' Utilization of Information Communication Technologies in Shaping Social Policy and Governance

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Christson Adedoyin ◽  
Mary S. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Satellite Communications ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
The Usa

Information Communication and Technologies (ICTs) are vital tools that religious organizations pervasively utilize in the United States of America (USA) to shape social issues, influence social policy and participate in governance. This paper articulates the different methods of deploying ICTs by religious organizations toward social justice and human development in the USA from historical to contemporary times. Furthermore, the article highlights the nexus of intervention strategies and ICTs to address social problems such as poverty, unemployment, child abuse, human trafficking, and environmental issues. Contemporary ICTs applications such as twitter, Facebook, blogs, online communities and classical media outlets such as television, satellite communications and radios used by religious organization in influencing governance will be examined. Implications for teaching, practice and future research are delineated.

Culture and Trust in the Adoption of Electronic Voting

2006 ◽  
pp. 102-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gefen ◽  
Gregory M. Rose ◽  
Merrill Warkentin ◽  
Paul A. Pavlou
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
It Adoption ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Individual

Trust is a cornerstone of society, and it enables democratic institutes. It captures people’s expectations about others’ (the trustees) socially-acceptable behavior. In the context of information technology (IT) adoption, trust also increases the perceived usefulness (PU) of IT associated with the trustee’s agency. One way of increasing this trust is through greater sociocultural similarity. Extrapolating based on previous research to the realm of electronic voting, this chapter posits that because trust is culture-dependent, it should decrease considerably as cultural diversity and differentiation increases. To investigate the role of trust in IT adoption in different cultures where dissimilar concepts of socially-acceptable behavior exist, this study compares trust-related perceptions of an emerging IT, namely electronic voting, between the United States of America (USA) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). More specifically, the question was addressed by comparing the unique circumstances of the cultural changes in the RSA with the more socially-integrated mainstream USA culture. In both cultures, perceived sociocultural similarity between the individual and the agency in charge of the electronic voting IT contributed to both the establishment of trust and to an increase in the perceived usefulness of the IT, supporting and extending the extrapolations of past propositions to this new realm. However, only in the USA did trust contribute to the PU of the IT. The results suggest that when cultural diversity is large, trust becomes of lesser importance, perhaps because it can no longer reduce social uncertainty. Implications for researchers and governmental voting agencies are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.

scholarly journals Public support for Latin American presidents: The cyclical model in comparative perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 205316801878769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E. Carlin ◽  
Jonathan Hartlyn ◽  
Timothy Hellwig ◽  
Gregory J. Love ◽  
Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Public Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Presidential Popularity ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Presidential Democracies ◽  
Presidential Systems ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

What characterizes the dynamics of presidential popularity? Research based on the United States of America finds popularity exhibits an almost law-like cyclicality over a president’s term: high post-election “honeymoon” approval rates deteriorate before experiencing an end-of-term boost as new elections approach. We contend that cyclical approval dynamics are not specific to the USA, but rather characteristic of presidential systems more generally, despite heterogeneity in their socio-economic and political contexts. Testing this proposition requires overcoming a key empirical problem: lack of comparable data. We do so by employing time-series inputs from 324 opinion surveys from a new publicly available database—the Executive Approval Database 1.0—to craft quarterly measures of popularity across 18 Latin American contemporary presidential democracies. Our analysis strongly confirms the cyclical approval model for the region. The conclusion identifies avenues for future research on the relationships across approval, presidentialism, and electoral, institutional, and socio-economic factors afforded by the new data resource we present here.

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