scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome: what is it and what are the implications?

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Shaw ◽  
W. L. Hall ◽  
C. M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diet And Exercise

Obesity and overweight are linked with a cluster of metabolic and vascular disorders that have been termed the metabolic syndrome. Although there is not yet a universally-accepted set of diagnostic criteria, most expert groups agree that the syndrome is characterised by impaired insulin sensitivity and hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia (elevated blood triacyglycerols with depressed HDL-cholesterol), abdominal obesity and hypertension. Based on existing published criteria estimates suggest that the syndrome affects a substantial percentage of the middle-aged and elderly populations of most European countries (10–20%) and confers increased risk of type 2 diabetes (2–8.8-fold) and CVD (1.5–6-fold), as well as having a marked effect on morbidity. Although the pathophysiology is incompletely understood, insulin resistance and abdominal obesity are central to subsequent abnormalities in circulating glucose and lipoproteins, and vascular function that lead to type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and CVD. The link between metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD, as well as inability to reverse the present rising rates of obesity, will lead to economically-unsustainable costs of health care in the next 10–20 years. Preventative strategies for metabolic syndrome are required to slow rates of progression and to reduce dependence on costly medical management. A notable development is recent evidence that shows that diet and exercise are more effective than drug treatment in preventing the development of type-2 diabetes in high-risk individuals. The LIPGENE project will investigate dietary fat quality as a strategy for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and identify food chain approaches that can support consumer attempts to alter their dietary patterns.

scholarly journals The Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Hispanic Youth and the Role of Insulin Sensitivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha L. Cruz ◽  
Marc J. Weigensberg ◽  
Terry T.-K. Huang ◽  
Geoff Ball ◽  
Gabriel Q. Shaibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Family History ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Hispanic Youth ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is highest among Hispanic adults. However, studies exploring the metabolic syndrome in overweight Hispanic youth are lacking. Subjects were 126 overweight children (8–13 yr of age) with a family history for type 2 diabetes. The metabolic syndrome was defined as having at least three of the following: abdominal obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and/or impaired glucose tolerance. Insulin sensitivity was determined by the frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling. The prevalence of abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, systolic and diastolic hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance was 62, 67, 26, 22, 4, and 27%, respectively. The presence of zero, one, two, or three or more features of the metabolic syndrome was 9, 22, 38, and 30%, respectively. After controlling for body composition, insulin sensitivity was positively related to HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) and negatively related to triglycerides (P < 0.001) and systolic (P < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity significantly decreased (P < 0.001) as the number of features of the metabolic syndrome increased. In conclusion, overweight Hispanic youth with a family history for type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and this appears to be due to decreased insulin sensitivity. Improving insulin resistance may be crucial for the prevention of chronic disease in this at-risk population.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome and Menopause are correlated in Moroccan women population

2021 ◽  
Vol 319 ◽  
pp. 01058
Author(s):  
Otmane El Brini ◽  
Omar Akhouayri ◽  
Bouchra Benazzouz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Moroccan Women

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Physiological variations occurring in women during menopause are thought to be a predisposing factor for the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components according to menopausal status in a sample of Moroccan women. Methods: We analyzed data of 653 women aged 19 years and older. We used the recently published joint interim statement criteria to classify subjects as having metabolic syndrome. Results: Out of the total subjects, 262 (40.12%) were syndromic. The metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity were more common in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. The highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in menopausal transition especially among women aged 49-52 years (62.59%). During this period, half of women have at least three metabolic syndrome risk factors. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity associated with metabolic changes occurring in menopause was a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome in women. There is a need to adopt a healthy lifestyle to prevent weight gain in women. This can minimize the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its consequences as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals The role of testosterone in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in men

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 901-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Saad
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Levels

Over the last three decades, it has become apparent that testosterone plays a significant role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors predisposing to diabetes mellitus type 2, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and a pro-inflammatory and thrombogenic state. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported a direct correlation between plasma testosterone and insulin sensitivity, and low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dramatically illustrated by androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Lower total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) predict a higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome. There is evidence that hypotestosteronemia should be an element in the definition of the metabolic syndrome since low levels of testosterone are associated with or predict the development of the metabolic syndrome and of diabetes mellitus. Administration of testosterone to hypogonadal men reverses part of the unfavorable risk profile for the development of diabetes and atherosclerosis. So far, studies on the effects of normalization of testosterone in hypogonadal men on glucose homeostasis are limited, but convincing, and if diabetes mellitus is viewed in the context of the metabolic syndrome, the present results of testosterone treatment are very encouraging.

scholarly journals Effect of increased calcium consumption from fat-free milk in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised cross-over clinical trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junia M. G. Gomes ◽  
Jorge d. A. Costa ◽  
Rita C. G. Alfenas
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractWe investigated the effects of high-Ca fat-free milk phase (MD) (prescription of approximately 1500 mg of Ca/d) v. low-Ca phase (CD) (prescription of approximately 800 mg of Ca/d) in an energy-restricted diet on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic measures in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low habitual Ca consumption (<600 mg/d). In this randomised cross-over design, fourteen adults with T2DM (49·5 (sd 8·6) years, BMI 29·4 (sd 4·5) kg/m2) consumed either MD or CD for 12 weeks, with a washout of 18 weeks between phases. A breakfast shake containing 700 mg (MD) or 6·4 mg (CD) of Ca was consumed in the laboratory. In addition, energy-restricted diets were prescribed (800 mg of dietary Ca/d). Waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, fasting TAG, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting total cholesterol, fasting LDL-cholesterol, fasting HDL-cholesterol, HDL:LDL ratio, HDL:TAG ratio and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index were assessed at baseline and after each phase. Ca consumption during the study was equivalent to 1200 mg/d during MD and 525 mg/d during CD. There was a greater reduction in WC, SBP, DBP and LAP index after MD compared with CD. HDL:LDL ratio increased and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SBP, DBP and LAP index decreased only in MD. The consumption of approximately 1200 mg of Ca/d (700 mg from fat-free milk+500mg from other dietary sources) associated with an energy-restricted diet decreased some of the MetS components and cardiometabolic measures in adults with T2DM.

scholarly journals A study of prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care referral hospital in West Bengal

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2262
Author(s):  
Tamoghna Maiti ◽  
Sonai Mandal ◽  
Ratul Banerjee ◽  
Somenath Das ◽  
Amrita Panda
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Cardiac Risk Factor ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: The terms "metabolic syndrome", "insulin resistance syndrome" and "syndrome X" are now used specifically to define a constellation of abnormalities that is associated with increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic vascular disease. It is a state of chronic low grade inflammation with the profound systemic effects. Several organisations gave several criteria to diagnose it. Effective preventive approaches include lifestyle changes, primarily weight loss, diet, and exercise, the appropriate use of pharmacological agents to reduce the specific risk factors.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done to evaluate the co-morbidity profile of patients, with metabolic syndrome and correlate clinical manifestations with specific components or metabolic syndrome, at the OPD of Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospitals, West Bengal. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists criteria were chosen for diagnosis.Results: 100 patients were recruited having type II diabetes mellitus. Most of the patients were male between 20-70 years and maximum was on oral hypoglycemic agent with app 40% patient was without any glycemic control. In comorbidities hypertension was highest, followed by coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism and cerebrovascular accident. Waist-hip ratio was highest in female. All of the patients were having some cardiac risk factor assessed by ECG, echocardiography and thread mill test.Conclusions: The data demonstrates that metabolic syndrome is extremely common among diabetic patients. Frequency was much higher in women than men. Obesity is a key element in causing the metabolic syndrome and this factor was also more common in women.

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