Dry-Matter Partitioning across Parts of the Wheat Internode during the Grain Filling Period as Influenced by Fertilizer and Tillage Treatments

The application of magnesium significantly affects the components of the wheat yield and the dry matter partitioning in the grain-filling period (GFP). This hypothesis was tested in 2013, 2014, and 2015. A two-factorial experiment with three rates of magnesium (0, 25, 50 kg ha−1) and four stages of Mg foliar fertilization (without, BBCH 30, 49/50, two-stage) was carried out. Plant material collected at BBCH: 58, 79, 89 was divided into leaves, stems, ears, chaff, and grain. The wheat yield increased by 0.5 and 0.7 t ha−1 in response to the soil and foliar Mg application. The interaction of both systems gave + 0.9 t ha−1. The Mg application affected the grain yield by increasing grain density (GD), wheat biomass at the onset of wheat flowering, durability of leaves in GFP, and share of remobilized dry matter (REQ) in the grain yield. The current photosynthesis accounted for 66% and the REQ for 34%. The soil-applied Mg increased the REQ share in the grain yield to over 50% in 2014 and 2015. The highest yield is possible, but provided a sufficiently high GD, and a balanced share of both assimilate sources in the grain yield during the maturation phase of wheat growth.

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Growth duration and above-ground dry-matter partitioning in oats

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72694 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 195-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Growth Phases ◽

Growth Duration ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Vegetative Period ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Long Period ◽

Grain Filling Period

Duration of vegetative, generative, and grain-filling phases contribute to dry-matter accumulation and partitioning. Fourteen oat (Avena saliva L.) cultivars and six breeding lines were evaluated at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, in 1988-1990. The following observations were made: (1) a short vegetative period accumulated less dry-matter into vegetative plant organs and resulted in higher grain yield and harvest index (HI), (2) a long period for maximum floret initiation yielded more grains per panicle and high panicle weight and (3) a short grain-filling period yielded high rates of panicle and grain filling associated with high HI. Hence, oat breeding and crop management should aim at improving the synchronization of the growth phases as shown in this study.

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Dry matter accumulation and partitioning and its relationship to grain yield in wheat

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9950495 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 495 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

RG Flood ◽

PJ Martin ◽

WK Gardner

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

The North ◽

Similar Range ◽

Total Crop ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Stem Reserves ◽

North Western

Total crop dry matter (DM) production and its components, remobilisation of stem reserves, and the relation of these to grain yield were studied in 10 wheat cultivars sown at Walpeup, Boort, and Horsham in the north-western Victorian wheatbelt. Between sites, all DM components decreased in the order Horsham > Boort > Walpeup. Differences between Boort and Walpeup were not always significant. Total DM at anthesis for Walpeu,p and Boort was in a similar range, and less than that for Horsham. Yields increased in the order Walpeup < Boort < Horsham. When data from the 3 sites were combined, leaf, stem (excluding cv. Argentine IX), and total DM were related to grain yield. Within sites, ear DM at anthesis was related to grain yield. Grain yield for all cultivars at Horsham and Walpeup and 5 cultivars at Boort was greater than the increases in crop DM from anthesis to maturity, indicating that pre-anthesis stored assimilates (stem reserves) were used for grain filling. Post-anthesis decrease in stem weight was inversely related to grain yield only at Horsham, which supports the view of utilisation of stem reserves for grain filling at this site. At Boort and Walpeup there was a similar negative trend, but values for 2 cultivars at each site were outliers, which weakened the trend. The wide adaptability of the Australian cultivars used in this study may be related to the differential remobilisation of stem reserves at each site. A measure of yield stability, however, was not related to stem weight loss during the grain-filling period.

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Effect of irrigation levels and agrochemicals on dry matter partitioning in summer maize (Zea maize L.)

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/asd.v35i4.6861 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

Author(s):

B. P. Meena ◽

G. S. Chouhan ◽

V. K. Meena ◽

H. S. Sumeriya

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Dry Matter Distribution ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Grain Formation ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Application of eight irrigations (seedling, 6 leaf, knee-high, before tasseling, 50% tasseling, 50% silking, grain formation and grain filling stages) where no stress was occurred significantly increased dry matter distribution. Data related to dry matter partitioning in stem, leaves and cobs at 25, 50, 75 and at harvest stage of crop. In general, irrespective of the treatments, crop attained maximum leaf dry weight at flowering stage. This decreased progressively up to harvest stage. While, stem dry weight showed increasing trend up to tasseling and silking stage and than declined slightly towards harvest stage of the crop. Obviously, cobs dry weight increased linearly from flowering up to harvest stage.

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Growth of spring barley under drought: crop development, photosynthesis, dry-matter accumulation and nutrient content

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960003197x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 167-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

D. W. Lawlor ◽

W. Day ◽

A. E. Johnston ◽

B. J. Legg ◽

K. J. Parkinson

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Water Deficits ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Grain Filling Period

SUMMARYThe effects of water deficit on growth of spring barley were analysed under five irrigation treatments. One crop was irrigated at weekly intervals from emergence throughout the growing season, and one was not irrigated at all after emergence. Soil water deficits in the other treatments were allowed to develop early, intermediate or late in the crop's development.Weekly irrigation produced a crop with a large leaf area index (maximum value 4) and maintained green leaf and awns throughout the grain-filling period. Early drought decreased leaf area index (maximum value 2) by slowing expansion of main-stem leaves and decreasing the number and growth of tiller leaves. Leaf senescence was also increased with drought. Drought late in the development of ears and leaves and during the grain-filling period caused leaves and awns to senesce so that the total photosynthetic areas decreased faster than with irrigation. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was little affected by drought so total dry-matter production was most affected by differences in leaf area.Early drought gave fewer tillers (550/m2) and fewer grains per ear (18) than did irrigation (760 tillers/m2 and 21 grains per ear). Late irrigation after drought increased the number of grains per ear slightly but not the number of ears/m2. Thus at the start of the grain-filling period crops which had suffered drought early had fewer grains than irrigated (9·5 and 18·8 × 103/m2 respectively) or crops which suffered drought later in development (14 × 103/m2).During the first 2 weeks of filling, grains grew at almost the same rate in all treatments. Current assimilate supply was probably insufficient to provide this growth in crops which had suffered drought, and stem reserves were mobilized, as shown by the decrease in stem mass during the period. Grains filled for 8 days longer with irrigation and were heavier (36–38 mg) than without irrigation (29–30 mg). Drought throughout the grainfilling period after irrigation earlier in the season resulted in the smallest grains (29 mg).Grain yield depended on the number of ears, the number of grains per ear and mass per grain. Early drought decreased tillering and tiller ear production and the number of grains that filled in each ear. Late drought affected grain size via the effects on photosynthetic surface area.Drought decreased the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the dry matter of crops, and irrigation after drought increased them. Concentration of nitrogen was little affected by treatment. Possible mechanisms by which water deficits and nutrient supply affect crop growth and yield are discussed.

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Shading during the Early Grain Filling Period Does Not Affect Potential Grain Dry Matter Increase in Rice

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.2134/agronj2000.923411x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 411-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Tohru Kobata ◽

Makoto Sugawara ◽

Sadanori Takatu

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Grain Filling Period

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EFFECT OF SOURCE-SINK RATIO ON DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND LEAF SENESENCE OF MAIZE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps82-128 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 855-860 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

M. TOLLENAAR ◽

T. B. DAYNARD

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Senescence ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Crop Growth Rate ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Source Sink

The effect of source-sink ratio (i.e., the ability of the leaves to produce photosynthate versus the capacity of the grain to accommodate the assimilates) on dry matter accumulation and leaf senescence during the grain filling period of two short-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids was investigated in 1979 and 1980. Source-sink ratio of the maize hybrids was altered by ear removal at midsilking and at 3 wk after midsilking; by partial fertilization of the topmost ear so that treatment ears contained approximately 50% of kernel number of the control; and by removal of all leaf blades but that of the ear leaf at 2 wk after midsilking. Crop growth rate during the period from 3–5 wk after midsilking was reduced by 30% for the partly fertilized treatment and by 60% for both ear removal treatments. During the period from 5 to 7 wk after midsilking, the treatment-by-hybrid interaction for crop growth rate reflected different patterns of leaf senescence. In one hybrid, treatments which caused reductions in sink size delayed leaf senescence and increased the crop growth during the 5 to 7-wk postsilking interval, relative to the control. The reverse was evident for the other hybrid. Partial defoliation tended to cause the remaining ear leaf to senescence slightly earlier than in the control. Apparently two types of leaf senescence occurred: senescence due to assimilate starvation, and senescence due to excessive assimilate accumulation. The former caused by excessively low source-sink ratio and the latter caused by excessively high source-sink ratio. These results indicate that a delicate balance exists between sink and source during the grain-filling period of maize, and that disturbance of this balance can cause substantial yield reductions, plus an acceleration of leaf senescence and maturation processes.

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Changes in respiration, dry-matter production and its partition in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to water deficits during the grain-filling period

Shokubutsugaku Zasshi ◽

10.1007/bf02488717 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 379-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tohru Kobata ◽

Shinichi Takami

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Water Deficits ◽

Matter Production ◽

Grain Filling Period ◽

Response To Water

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Effect of the duration of the vegetative phase on crop growth, development and yield in two contrasting pearl millet hybrids

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600079715 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 71-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. Q. Craufurd ◽

F. R. Bidinger

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Pearl Millet ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Vegetative Phase

SummaryThe phenotype of medium duration pearl millet varieties grown in West Africa differs from that of the shorter duration millets grown in India. African varieties are usually much taller, have longer panicles, fewer productive tillers, and a lower ratio of grain to above-ground dry-matter (harvest index). The effect of crop duration on plant phenotype was investigated in two hybrids using extended daylengths to increase the duration of the vegetative phase (GSl: sowing to panicle initiation). The two hybrids, 841A × J104 and 81A × Souna B, were considered to represent the Indian and African phenotype, respectively. Tiller production and survival, leaf area, and dry-matter accumulation and partition, were monitored over the season. Grain yield and its components were determined at maturity.The two hybrids responded similarly to the short and long daylength treatments. The duration of GSl was increased from 20 to 30 days, resulting in increased number of leaves, leaf area, and stem and total dry-matter accumulation; there was no effect on tiller production and survival, or on panicle growth rate. Grain yield was, therefore, the same in both GSl treatments, and harvest index (HI) was much reduced in the long GSl treatment owing to the increased stem growth. One evident effect of a longer GSl was on dry-matter partitioning between shoots; partitioning to the main stem (MS) was increased, whereas partitioning to the tillers was reduced.There was no difference in crop development, growth or yield between the two hybrids in either GSl treatment. The only significant differences were in the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was converted to dry matter, which was greater in 841A × J104 than in 81A × Souna B, and in the balance between MS and tillers; the grain yield of the MS was significantly greater in 81A x Souna B than in 841A × J104, but at the expense of number of productive tillers.The results demonstrate that both African and Indian phenotypes are equally productive under good agronomic conditions. The lower HI in longer duration African millets is a consequence of a much extended stem growth phase and therefore increased competition between stem and panicle during grain filling. Possible ways to increase grain yield in the medium duration African millets are considered.

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Yield, growth, canopy traits and photosynthesis in high-yielding, synthetic hexaploid-derived wheats cultivars compared with non-synthetic wheats

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp16072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 115 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yonglu Tang ◽

Xiaoli Wu ◽

Chaosu Li ◽

Wuyun Yang ◽

Mingbo Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Physiological Basis ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid ◽

Spad Readings ◽

Synthetic Cultivars

Continuous improvement of potential yield is one of the most important goals of wheat breeding. The introduction of synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) germplasm has broken the bottleneck in potential yield, taking wheat breeding in China’s Sichuan Basin to a new level. However, systematic research on the physiological basis of high-yielding, SHW-derived cultivars has lagged behind. In the present study, three SHW-derived, high-yielding cultivars and three typical, non-synthetic cultivars widely used in wheat production were chosen for a 5-year study. Post-anthesis canopy structure, rates of canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP), attenuation during grain filling, dry matter partitioning and other physiological parameters were studied. The average yield of the SHW-derived cultivars was 9154 kg ha–1, which was 13.5% higher than that of the non-synthetic cultivars. The increased yield was due to increased biomass and/or increased harvest index (HI). SHW-derived cultivars had shorter but wider flag leaves, with length : width ratio <10. The basal angle and open angle were small at the beginning of anthesis, which gradually increased as grain-filling progressed; the SPAD readings of the flag leaf and penultimate leaf of the SHW-derived cultivars was significantly higher than that of the non-synthetic cultivars from anthesis to mid–late grainfill. The CAP values at anthesis and 20 days post-anthesis were significantly higher in the SHW-derived cultivars than in non-synthetic cultivars, in which the difference was most significant between 10 : 00 and 12 : 00. The dry matter partitioning at anthesis varied significantly among cultivars, and the stem and sheath proportion of the SHW-derived cultivars was larger than that of the non-synthetic cultivars. At maturation, the spike rachis and leaves of the SHW-derived cultivars accounted for significantly smaller proportions of the total aboveground dry weight. Accordingly, the grain proportion was increased by 1–4 percentage points. Yield components were closely related to measured physiological parameters; e.g. grain yield correlated positively with SPAD values (r = 0.960**) and negatively with the proportion of spike rachis at maturation (r = –0.946**). This indicated that a semi-compact plant morphology, with high SPAD readings and high CAP and greater HI, was the physiological basis of high yield in SHW-derived cultivars.

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