Development of children’s knowledge about the mental world

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Flavell

This article is a survey of research on the childhood acquisition of knowledge about the mind, especially work done during the past two decades under the heading of theory-of-mind development. It begins with a history of research in this area. This is followed by a brief summary of principal theories and findings. The article concludes with some guesses about future research in this exciting area of cognitive development.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIN CHEN ◽  
YONG-QIANG ZENG ◽  
WEI-LIE LU

Validity and validation have been key issues in language testing. During the past seven decades, researchers have aired different views on validity whose development, can be divided into four stages, namely, the stage of criterion-based approach, the stage of tripartite approach, the stage of unified approach and the stage of argument-based approach. In order to have an informed knowledge of validity theory, this article briefly traces the history of research on validity concepts and the corresponding frameworks of validation. By examining the development of validity and validation, some possible topics for future research are uncovered.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Chunchun Wang

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the transformations of prosthetic practices in China, as well as the daily experiences and dilemmas arising from the everchanging practices since 1949. On the basis of materials, this paper explores an everyday perspective to review the history of technology.Design/methodology/approachEthnography was collected with the application of participant observations, informal interviews and in-depth interviews during a 13-months study at a rehabilitation center in Chengdu, China. The literature on prosthetic manufacturing was also reviewed for this paper.FindingsChina's prosthetic technology seems to evolve from traditional to modern. However, this progressive narrative – innovation-based timeline (Edgerton, 2006, xi) – has been challenged by daily practices. Due to institutional pressures, prosthetists are in a dilemma of selectively using their knowledge to create one kind of device for all prosthesis users with a certain kind of disability, thereby regulating the physical and social experiences of prosthesis users. Besides, prosthesis users are accustomed to prostheses made with old techniques, and must correct themselves from old experiences to the daily practices recognized by the selected techniques.Originality/valueThis paper provides a cross-cultural case to reexamine Edgerton's criticism of the progressive and orderly innovation-centric technological narrative. More importantly, it reviews the history and practices of China's prosthetics from daily experiences rather than Edgerton's concentration on technology; therefore, it provides an everyday perspective for future research on technological transformations.


2011 ◽  
pp. 2200-2224
Author(s):  
Stephen Hawk ◽  
Weijun Zheng

This chapter introduces XML-based e-commerce standards that have emerged within the past decade. The chapter describes the history of e-commerce standards, and then presents representative horizontal and vertical e-commerce standards by detailing their functionality, and how their development has been shaped by various stakeholders. The chapter also describes the potential for these standards to transform B2B practice by providing three industry examples. The chapter finishes by suggesting directions for future research by describing factors that could influence the future of these standards. Due to the central role these standards are likely to play in future e-commerce activity, most firms will at some point need to become aware of their capabilities, their application, and potential impact. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the situation as it is understood today, and presents likely scenarios for how these standards may progress.


2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
ISTVÁN KOVÁCS

The study deals with a brief history of organised crime in Hungary in the past and today. One of the biggest sources of revenue for organised crime is prostitution. Hundreds of victims are reported daily. In addition to this, a new strategic approach has emerged, linked to the upward management of organised crime. Prostitutes volunteer for work, the organised groups do not use violence, and illicit earnings are distributed among themselves on the basis of work done. The girls are transferred to rich countries where rich people can enjoy their services through a built-in agency system. Many girls are referred to Dubai, where the new form of Hungarian prostitution is thriving: the ‘dubai-ing’ phenomenon. The study presents, through a case study, the phenomenon of ‘dubai-ing’, and the activities of organised criminal groups. The method used is critical source analysis, basic historical research, as well as case and judgement/verdict analysis. This is not a classic analysis, but a criminal analysis of specifi c cases. The strategic aim is to collect data which can show the new profi le of organised crime in the 21st century.


1937 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-218
Author(s):  
Marcus N. Tod

Once again I attempt, not without some trepidation, the task of surveying briefly the work done during the past two years in the field of Greek epigraphy, following the same order and observing the same principles as in my previous bibliographies. I include some specially valuable reviews published in 1937 of books issued in 1935 or 1936; on the other hand, I omit certain works which, though bearing the date 1936, were not actually issued, or at least did not become accessible to me, until 1937 was well advanced. As before, I mark with an asterisk books or articles of which I have only a second-hand knowledge. Once more I express my heartiest thanks to all scholars who have facilitated my task by sending me copies of their works.Death has taken a sadly heavy toll in the ranks of Greek epigraphists during the two years under review; among the more serious losses are those of A. von Premerstein, E. Preuner, G. Glotz, J. Geffcken, H. Collitz, E. Pridik, P. Orsi, R. Heberdey, A. B. West, T. Wiegand and P. Wolters. Happily, some of the veterans are left to us with undiminished vigour and ever accumulating experience, such as A. Wilhelm and F. Hiller von Gaertringen, whose impress will remain indelibly printed on epigraphical studies: both of these attained their doctoral jubilees in 1936, and the latter has added to the history of those studies an autobiographical chapter which is as valuable as it is modest.


rahatulquloob ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
Noor Wali Shah

Allah the elevated bestowed on prophet Muhammad SAW two basic sources of guidance for Muslim Ummah, The holy Quran and Hadith. Due to this significance of Hadith, Muslims have invented more than five hundred sciences related to Hadith. One of these sciences is Ilm Garb ul Hadith. Sheikh Moaamer bin muthana was the first scholar who has written a book on this topic.  From then on Muslim scholars have researched a lot in this regard. Dozens of scholars spent their time and wealth on it. According to the author of Moaajm ul mua’ajam more than 90 books on the topic have been published but eight of them gained much publicity and famous hood among them. Abu Ubaida, Abu Adnan, Abu Ubaida Qasim bin Salam, Ibrahim bin Ishaq Al Harbi, Abu Ubaida Ahmed bin Muhammad Alhervi, Ibn Jauzi, Muhammad bin Atheer Aljazree, Zemakhsharee. The following article consists of a brief introduction of Ilm Gharib ul Hadith along with a brief history of research about it. Then the eight famous books on Gharib ul Hadith and there way of research are examined in brief along with examples. At last a comparative study of the work done by these eight scholars is given in order to explore the differences and similarities among them.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoë Antonia Lepiano

Over her forty-year career photographer Sally Mann (b. 1951) has become synonymous with black-and white large format photography and nineteenth-century processes, used to depict her family, their environment, and the landscapes of the southern U.S.A. Yet Mann has worked with a variety of processes including colour. This thesis focuses on the printed Cibachromes and unprinted colour transparencies, taken between 1990 and 1994, that make up Mann’s Family Color collection, part of Family Pictures series, the well-known black-and-white photographs of her three children. It outlines work done in situ in the artist’s archive, the consequent discovery of a number of unprinted colour transparencies, and their integration into Mann’s studio through digitization and organization of the collection. An exploration of the production and exhibition history of Family Color is followed by a close-reading of a selection of printed colour photographs from the series, as well as the newly discovered, unprinted images. These comparisons enable the series to be situated within Mann’s larger practice opening up areas for future research.


LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Bogusław Dunaj

The Past and the Present of Research into Cracow PolishThe paper presents the history of research into the urban spoken Polish of Cracow. Its most intensive period fell between 1976 and 1991. The research project was initiated by Professor M. Karaś. After his untimely death in 1977, the work was directed by Professor B. Dunaj. It was twin-track; both collective and individual studies were carried out. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, five doctoral theses have been written; in total, nine books have been published: four collective and five individual ones. Some collective works have not been published, i.a. Słownik frekwencyjny nieoficjalnej odmiany polszczyzny mówionej (‘A frequency dictionary of an unofficial variety of spoken Polish’). Also other projects grew out of the research into the language spoken in Cracow, e.g. Słownik współczesnego języka polskiego (1996; ‘A dictionary of contemporary Polish’). In the first decade of the 21st century, B. Dunaj and M. Mycawka conducted research into regional vocabulary, focusing primarily on theoretical problems. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, 28 unpublished monographies have been prepared on the subject of regional words in the speech of inhabitants of selected towns (mainly in Lesser Poland). In 2018, the dictionary Powiedziane po krakowsku. Słownik regionalizmów krakowskich (‘Said like in Cracow. A dictionary of Cracow regional words’, ed. by D. Ochmann and R. Przybylska) has been published, growing out of and referring to previous research. The present paper presents the controversial methodological problems related to research into regional vocabulary.


Author(s):  
Eric Kaun dos Santos Silva ◽  
June Alisson Westarb Cruz ◽  
Maria Alexandra Viegas Cortez da Cunha ◽  
Thyago Proença de Moraes ◽  
Sandro Marques ◽  
...  

AbstractThe need to develop alternatives to improve health assistance access and qualification was emergent and urgent even before the advent of Covid-19. Such demand is necessary in regard to both public and private systems. In this context, the theme of cost and effectiveness is technically adequate and viable to analyze these alternatives. Analyzing the history of research development on the topic and identifying its gaps is thus an essential step in facing this challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study was to modestly contribute to a bibliometric examination of scientific production based on the theme of cost-effectiveness to guide future research, despite the maturity of the theme, and as well as its future challenges. As a result, several essential aspects of the theoretical approach to the theme were observed, such as its conceptualization, purpose, and objective within public and private institutions, identifying its main authors, universities, reference countries, and funding institutions, authors’ relationship networks, and related themes. One of the most important factors identified is the absence of the theme applied to contemporary topics in health, such as telemedicine, telehealth, robotics, artificial intelligence, new drugs and medicines, and new healthcare protocols.


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