FREE TRADE IN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF REDUCED “TRADE BARRIERS” ON CANADIAN POLITICAL LIFE

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-264
Author(s):  
Roger Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals World Trade Organization, Negara Berkembang dan Special and Diferrential Treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Muthia Kinanti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Global Society ◽  
The Impact

Perdagangan bebas menjadi isu yang semakin menguat dalam pergaulan global saat ini. Berbagai perjanjian baik multilateral, regional dan bilateral yang mengatur mengenai penekanan hambatan perdagangan semakin banyak. WTO sebagai peraturan induk dan merupakan sumber hukum utama dari perdagangan bebas telah berjalan selama lebih dari satu dekade. Sejak pembentukan WTO terbukti bahwa partisipas masyarakat internasional dalam perdagangan global semakin meningkat. Namun, beberapa kritik muncul terutama dari negara berkembang yang merasa belum mendapatkan manfaat dari perdagangan bebas. Isu ini kemudian muncul dalam negosiasi WTO yang menghasilkan konsep Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) yang diadopsi dalam ketentuan-ketentuan WTO. Penelitian ini mengangkat tema besar mengenai ketentuan-ketentuan dan kerjasama WTO yang mencerminkan perdagangan bebas dan kaitannya dengan negara berkembang. Beberapa hal yang disorot adalah bagaimana pengaturan dalam WTO terkait perlakuan berbeda (Special and Differentiated Treatment) yang diberikan kepada negara-negara berkembang. Selain itu penelitian ini difokuskan juga untuk menganalisis diferensiasi antara negara-negara berkembang dalam WTO. Kemudian, analisis difokuskan terhadap peran dan dampak Doha Development dan Bali Round terkait negara berkembang terutama di sektor agrikultur dan dampak adanya diferensiasi dari negara berkembang.<br /><br />Free trade is an issue that has gained strength in today’s global society. Various multilateral treaties, regional and bilateral governing the suppression of trade barriers more. WTO as a central rule and is the main legal source of free trade has been running for more than a decade. Since the establishment of the WTO proved that the participation and the international community in global trade is increasing. However, some criticism arose primarily from developing countries that have not benefited from free trade. This issue arises in WTO negotiations that resulted in the concept of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT), which was adopted in the WTO provisions. This study raised the major themes of the provisions of the WTO and cooperation that reflects the free trade and its relation to developing countries. Some of the things highlighted was how the settings related to differential treatment in the WTO granted to developing countries. In addition, research is focused also to analyze the differentiation between developing countries in the WTO. Then, the analysis focused on the role and impact of the Doha Development Round and Bali related to developing countries, particularly in the agricultural sector and the impact of the differentiation of developing countries.<br /><br />

Methodological approaches to determining the impact of barriers on international trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 713-727
Author(s):  
Diana Makayevna Madiyarova ◽  
Maxim Vladimirovich Terletskii
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Today, within the framework of the functioning of foreign trade policy, there are two main opposing models: protectionism and free trade. Recently, the situation is developing towards the dominance of the policy of protectionism over the policy of conducting free trade, since there is a continuous increase in the number of non-tariff measures and the manifestation of trade wars. This situation leads to the need for a policy of trade liberalization. Implementing a foreign trade policy aimed at eliminating trade barriers is not a quick process and requires a thoughtful scientific assessment. To analyze the criticality of the situation of the absence of a free trade policy and to reflect its validity, a very wide methodological toolkit is used to study various kinds of trade barriers, ranging from the calculation of the simplest indicators to the construction of complex econometric models. This study provides a comprehensive review of the main methodological approaches to determining the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers on the international trade activities of countries. In the scientific review work, 4 domestic and 24 foreign sources, formed on the basis of 21 resources, were involved in the search for literature. The results of the review analysis of research papers showed that in the study of tariff and non-tariff barriers, researchers mainly use three econometric models, namely gravity model, partial equilibrium model and general equilibrium model. In addition, the study of non-tariff barriers can be carried out in the context of two other methods besides the econometric one: the implementation of the "price gap" method and the derivation of "incidence indicators".

scholarly journals IMPROVING FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) BETWEEN INDONESIA-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (CEPA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Manurung
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Investment Promotion ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This study aims to elaborate potential effects of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on the trading of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and Indonesia addressing issues considered to be impeding the conclusion of CEPA negotiations. Suppose the agreement between the EU and Indonesia improve economic relations while creating benefits for both. Indonesia and the EU began negotiation on the CEPA preparation in 2012. The CEPA has been presented as having the ability to help both parties take full advantage of unexploited economic relations. The CEPA is expected to be a comprehensive agreement discussing various aspects of economic relations and moved beyond being a simple agreement for removing trade barriers. The liberalization of international trade in goods remains to be an important aspect of the CEPA, investment promotion and facilitation, the improvement of trade in services, and the creation of improved competition policy practices would promote greater economic relations. Indonesia expects three major contributions from the CEPA, i.e.: First, the most obvious one relates to promotion of increased trade between Indonesia and the EU. The agreement’s focus on trade liberalization will increase the intensity of trade relations by lowering trade barriers, and by facilitating trade; Second, expected contribution concerns the impact of liberalization on trade and investments in services; Third, enhanced technological advance and skills transfer in the goods, services and investment. A free trade agreement between the EU and Indonesia provides a more stable, balanced, and long-term framework to enhance trade and investment.   Keywords: the EU, Indonesia, CEPA, liberalization, free trade     Abstrak     Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi efek dari Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA) mengenai perdagangan barang dan jasa antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia, dan dalam penanganan isu-isu utama yang dianggap dapat menghambat perundingan CEPA. Seharusnya kesepakatan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memperbaiki dinamika hubungan ekonomi yang ada, sekaligus menciptakan berbagai manfaat bagi keduanya. Indonesia dan Uni Eropa mulai melakukan negosiasi persiapan CEPA di tahun 2012. CEPA digambarkan memampukan kedua belah pihak memanfaatkan sepenuhnya hubungan ekonomi yang tidak saling mengeksploitasi hubungan ekonomi antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia. CEPA diharapkan menjadi kesepakatan komprehensif dalam membahas berbagai aspek hubungan ekonomi tersebut, dan karenanya telah melampaui kesepakatan sederhana untuk penghapusan hambatan perdagangan. Sementara liberalisasi perdagangan internasional barang tetap sebagai aspek penting CEPA, promosi investasi dan fasilitasi, peningkatan perdagangan jasa, dan penciptaan praktik kebijakan persaingan yang lebih baik dalam promosi hubungan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Indonesia berharap adanya tiga kontribusi utama dari CEPA, yaitu: Pertama, yang paling nyata berkaitan dengan promosi peningkatan perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Fokus kesepakatan pada liberalisasi perdagangan dapat meningkatkan intensitas hubungan perdagangan dengan menurunkan berbagai hambatan dagang, dan dengan memfasilitasi perdagangan; Kedua, kontribusi CEPA diharapkan berdampak pada liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi jasa; Ketiga, peningkatan kemajuan teknologi dan keterampilan di sektor barang, jasa dan investasi. Adanya perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memberikan kerangka kerjasama yang lebih stabil, seimbang, dan berjangka panjang dalam peningkatan hubungan perdagangan dan investasi antar kawasan.   Kata kunci: Uni Eropa, Indonesia, Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA), liberalisasi, pasar bebas

Assessing the Impact of the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) on Australian and Global Medicines Policy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Alured Faunce ◽  
Evan Doran ◽  
David Henry ◽  
Peter Drahos ◽  
Andrew Searles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The Impact

Mobile Media and Political Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Ran Wei
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mobile Media ◽  
Mobile Phone Technology ◽  
Political News ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
The Impact

To fully understand the impact of mobile phone technology on politics, this chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview of research and identifies an emerging subfield concerning the relationship between mobile media and politics. The chapter traces the evolution of mobile media from personal communication devices to tools for political participation. The growing literature on the role of various mobile devices in civic and political life is reviewed and critiqued. The specific uses of mobile media as tools in political communication, such as informational use, mobile political news, and mobile public sphere, are explicated and synthesized. The chapter also sheds light on the question of how the attributes of mobile media influence the political process in democratic and non-democratic countries. The chapter outlines key issues concerning mobile media in civic and political communication, highlighting significant predictors and mediators. Unresolved issues and debates are highlighted, and directions for future research are suggested.

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES ON AGRICULTURAL TRADE: EVIDENCE FROM THAI FRUIT EXPORTS TO CHINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
SASIWOOTH WONGMONTA
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Sectoral Analysis ◽  
Gravity Equations ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Impact

Food safety concerns have become increasingly important challenge for agricultural trade. Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are often considered as major non-tariff trade barriers, which have surged rapidly over the recent decade. This study systematically investigates the impact of China’s SPS measures on Thai fruit exports. The panel dataset is constructed with 17 Thai fruit items for the sample period 2000–2018. Gravity equations are estimated to quantify the trade effects of SPS measures on the value of fruit exports from Thailand to China. The results from the sectoral analysis reveal that the restrictiveness of SPS measures has a positive and substantial effect on export volumes. This suggests that non-arbitrary and informative SPS requirements imposed by a large importing country would help facilitate the agricultural trade.

Was India Right in Not Joining RCEP? A Cost–Benefit Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 097492842110477
Author(s):  
Monika Jain
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

India dropped out of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which included the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Japan and Australia, after negotiating for almost seven years in November 2018 on the grounds of national interest and also that free trade agreements (FTAs) did not amount to free trade and led to more trade diversion than trade creation. The cost and benefit of a regional agreement depend on the amount of trade creation with respect to trade diversion (Panagriya, 2000). This study tries to examine India’s concerns and at the same time, highlights the cost of not joining RCEP. India’s trade deficit with 11 out of the 15 RCEP nations has been a major cause of concern. Unfavourable trade balance, concerns about the impact on dairy sector, economic slowdown, past experience with FTA’s, China factor, data localisation, rules of origin, the experience of ASEAN countries with Sino-FTA have been some of the reasons behind India’s decision to opt-out of this mega multilateral agreement. Also, bilateral trade agreements with some RCEP countries such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and South Korea were operational. A multilateral trade agreement with ASEAN countries was very much in place. So, trade between India and 12 of the RCEP member countries would not have changed much after India’s inclusion in RCEP. The impact of lower tariffs would have been evident for the remaining three countries: China, Australia and New Zealand. Furthermore, there was fear of a massive surge in imports of manufactures from China, dairy imports from Australia and New Zealand. This study also examines the long term impact of this decision and if India has missed out on becoming a part of the global value chain and gaining greater market access in the Asia Pacific region. India’s policy of import substitution and protectionism did not capitulate desired results in the past. Hence, a critical evaluation of India’s decision and some validation on her concerns and fears have been done.

scholarly journals Elite Formation, Power and Space in Contemporary London

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 179-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland Atkinson ◽  
Simon Parker ◽  
Roger Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
Cultural Infrastructure ◽  
Fiscal Regime ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Elite Formation

In this article we examine elite formation in relation to money power within the city of London. Our primary aim is to consider the impact of the massive concentration of such power upon the city’s political life, municipal and shared resources and social equity. We argue that objectives of city success have come to be identified and aligned with the presence of wealth elites while wider goals, of access to essential resources for citizens, have withered. A diverse national and global wealth-elite is drawn to a city with an almost unique cultural infrastructure, fiscal regime and ushering butler class of politicians. We consider how London is being made for money and the monied – in physical, political and cultural terms. We conclude that the conceptualization of elites as wealth and social power formations operating within urban spatial arenas is important for capturing the nature of new social divisions and changes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document