Comparison of cross-country measures of sigma-convergence in per-capita income, 1960–2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1010-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rati Ram
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Per-capita income versus household-need adjusted income: a cross-country comparison

2009 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Christos Koulovatianos ◽  
Polina Minkovski ◽  
Carsten Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Over Time

We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study in order to quantify the economy-wide monetary gains achieved by Household-Size Economies, due to the within-household sharing of goods by individuals living in multi-member households. In most of the twenty countries we examine, we observe a decline in monetary gains achieved by Household-Size Economies over time. This decline is the result of a demographic trend towards smaller-sized household units, rather than a change in the shares of aggregate disposable income earned by household types of different size.

Convergence Anatomization of Aquaculture Production in Leading Fish-Producing Countries During the Period of 1997-2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das ◽  
Kamal Ray ◽  
Utpal Das ◽  
Bankim Chandra Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Conditional Beta ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Beta Convergence ◽  
Aquaculture Production

Growth and national importance of aquaculture production is empirically assessed as an important indicator of development. The present article aims to test whether the major aquaculture producing countries of the world are converging over time. The authors have applied the absolute and conditional beta convergence and sigma convergence approaches on the data of FAO for the period 1997-2013. The results show that there is an absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence among 25 major aquaculture producing countries; negative sign of coefficient of conditional beta convergence with per capita income is also noticed. It implies, the growth rates of aquaculture for developed nations are declining with rise in per capita income and backward fish-intensive countries are catching up with the giant producers like China and India. The cross-country variations are also going down which means that the countries' development gaps are getting narrowed by means of growth of aquaculture resources.

scholarly journals Suicides and Macroeconomic Variables: Are They Related in the Long-run?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuksel Oksak ◽  
Cuneyt Koyuncu ◽  
Rasim Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

Abstract BackgroundThis study investigates the cross-country long run relationship between suicides and macroeconomic variables (unemployment, per capita income, and inflation). It is hypothesized that while inflation level and unemployment level stimulate suicide and intentional self-harm in a society, per capita income level alleviates suicide and intentional self-harm in a society.MethodA balanced annual data spanning the period 2000 to 2012 across 35 countries is used in the empirical analysis. We employ panel test and estimation approaches to reveal the long-run association among suicide, inflation, per capita income and unemployment series. The most conventional cross-sectional dependency tests, panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests, and heterogeneous panel non-causality tests are implemented. ResultsWe found a statistically significant cross-country long run association between suicides and all macroeconomic variables under study. The results of the study suggest that while 1% increase in per capita income causes 0.752% decrease in suicide rate, 1% increase in inflation and unemployment rate is associated with a rise in suicide rate by 0.088% and 0.238%, respectively. In regard to causality, there is no causality is identified between inflation and suicide. On the other hand, a statistically significant unidirectional causality running from per capita income level to suicide and a unidirectional causality running from suicide to unemployment are found. A unidirectional causality running from suicide to unemployment can be stem from the fact that rises in suicides are associated with both early indicators of economic downturns and during economic downturns when unemployment increases.ConclusionHaving found that adverse economic conditions such as increase in unemployment or inflation or decrease in per capita income triggers suicides and suicides are also associated with early indicators of economic crises, this study suggest that social and economic policy measures and programs related to labor market, health safety, family support and debt relief should be implemented both prior to and during economic crises in order to prevent suicides and loss of human capital of the society. Economic policies that result in a high level of unemployment or inflation should be critically assessed from the human cost of these measures.

scholarly journals Konvergensi Pendapatan Per kapitq di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Timur Tahun 2001-2007 serta Faktor - Faktor yang Mempengaruhi

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Sri Kurniawati ◽  
Eddy Suratman
Keyword(s):  
Convergence Rate ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Beta Convergence

This research is aimed to identify -disparity of per capita income in of the Kasaba border area (Kalimantan-Sarawak-Sabah) in West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan over the period 2001-2007. It was done by observing the coefficient variation that shows whether the sigma convergence happened or not. The other aims are to examine the determinant of beta convergence using OLS regressions with panel data. The results show that sigma convergence was not happened in West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan over the period 2001-2007. This indicated that the disparity of per capita income was happened. Beta convergence analysis indicated that absolute convergence was happened with convergence rate is 4.46 percent per year and the half-life convergence is 15.45 years. Development expenditure variable, work force participation rate and educational attainment were gave positive influence. On the other hand population growth variable was gave negative influence to the conditional convergence with convergence rate is 4.39 percent per year and the half-life convergence is 15.71 years.

An Examination of Per Capita Income Convergence in Emerging Market Economies

2021 ◽  
pp. 097491012110341
Author(s):  
Prakarti Sharma ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Unconditional Convergence ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Conditional Convergence ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Sigma Convergence ◽  
Per Capita

The study intends to examine the convergence of per capita income in emerging market economies (EMEs) toward a steady state for the post reform period (1999–2019). Cross-sectional regression analysis has been performed for unconditional convergence and a panel data regression to find the conditional convergence in EMEs. Sigma convergence has been applied to find the dispersion of income level in EMEs. In addition, to find the impact of global financial crisis on the convergence process of EMEs, unit root test with one structural break has been applied. The findings indicate that there exists unconditional convergence among EMEs toward a common steady state. Further, the results show a significant role of all control variables except education in the growth process but prove the absence of conditional convergence in selected EMEs. The results of sigma convergence find that the dispersion of per capita income is declining in EMEs, showing the sign of sigma convergence in EMEs. However, this study provides further scope to examine per capita income convergence among EMEs by including other variables and their effect on the convergence process of EMEs.

scholarly journals Drivers of Protein Consumption: A Cross-Country Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7399
Author(s):  
Vania Andreoli ◽  
Marco Bagliani ◽  
Alessandro Corsi ◽  
Vito Frontuto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

Consumption and production of proteins derived from animals have more significant environmental and health impacts than proteins derived from plants. This raises concerns mainly in consideration of the predictable increased consumption of animal proteins at the expense of vegetal ones due to growing income, especially in developing countries. Animal protein consumption, and particularly meat consumption, seems to start to decrease at a high level of income, which may suggest that economic growth solves or attenuates the environmental and health problems of animal food consumption. To test this possibility, the relationship between per capita income and animal and vegetal protein consumption is explored. Using a cross-country regression for 142 countries in 2017, animal-based protein, meat protein, and vegetal-based protein consumption are specified as dependent variables. In addition to per capita income, other potential drivers of protein choices, including ecological, demographic and social factors are controlled for. Apart from income, which still seems to be the most important driver of any type of protein consumption, the results suggest that protein consumption from animal sources and meat sources have different determinants. Though there is actually some evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between per capita income and animal protein consumption, the peak is at such high levels as to make economic growth irrelevant to curb animal protein consumption.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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