Better than antibiotics. Public understandings of risk, human health and the use of synthetically obtained livestock vaccines in five European countries

The development of a common foreign policy course and the creation of joint defence have become the main tasks of the European Community from the very beginning of its foundation, and the practical implementation of cooperation in these areas turns out to be rather difficult and runs into certain problems. Being part of the European Community, the member countries are aware of the necessity to pursue such a course in order to obtain the status of a full-fledged subject of international politics, but this does not deprive them of their fears about the loss of their national sovereignty and some foreign policy priorities. The purpose of the study is to study the process of formation and development of cooperation between Western European countries in the field of foreign policy, security and defence, as well as using the experience of the countries of the former Republic of Yugoslavia to resolve the situation on the territory of Ukraine. The comparative approach of peripheral areas emphasises the unsettled situation, which in some cases may seem better than internationally structured and is on the path of consolidation, while in other cases destabilization still strongly affects the development prospects of states.

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The removal of Rhodamine B by H2O2 or ClO2 combined with hydrodynamic cavitation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2019.406 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 (8) ◽

pp. 1571-1580

Author(s):

Kun Wang ◽

Ri-ya Jin ◽

Yi-na Qiao ◽

Zeng-di He ◽

Ying Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Human Health ◽

Rhodamine B ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Initial Ph ◽

The Individual ◽

Better Than ◽

Maximum Removal

Abstract Rhodamine B (RhB), widely used as an industrial dye, is a toxic organic that is hazardous to human health and can cause water pollution. In this study, the removal rate of RhB was investigated by the following methods: hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) operated individually, and HC combined with oxidants H2O2 or ClO2. The effect of different operating parameters including pressure (2–6 bar) and initial pH (2–8) on the extent of degradation was investigated using an orifice plate as the cavitation device to achieve maximum removal of RhB. Under the parameters of HC, the effect of different loadings was investigated: H2O2 (n(RhB):n(H2O2) was varied from 1:17.60 to 1:211.28) and ClO2 (n(RhB):n(ClO2) was varied from 1:8.87 to 1:177.53). A combination of cavitation and H2O2 or ClO2 resulted in degradations of 80.6% and 95.3%. The results indicated that the combination of HC and oxidants was better than the individual HC process for the degradation of RhB. When combining HC with H2O2 or ClO2, the synergistic coefficients of 62.54 and 74.79 were obtained. The combination of HC and ClO2 was proven to be more effective for the removal of RhB compared to HC alone and the hybrid process of HC and H2O2.

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Conventional and alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers used in gun propellants

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne / High Energy Materials ◽

10.22211/matwys/0175 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 73-82

Author(s):

Katarzyna Gańczyk-Specjalska

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Human Health ◽

Chromatographic Analysis ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

The European Union ◽

Intensive Research ◽

Volatile Products ◽

Gun Propellants ◽

Better Than

The European Union industry must adapt to the requirements of the REACH regulations, which aim to improve human health and to protect the environment by using less toxic chemicals. The technology for producing nitrocellulose propellants utilises stabilisers that bond volatile products with autocatalytic properties of nitroester degradation. During this process, N-nitroso derivatives are formed, which exhibit toxic/carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some of the impurities found in stabilisers are characterised by toxic properties (e.g. in diphenylamine). In recent years, intensive research has been carried out on alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers with properties similar to or better than conventional stabilisers. The published studies on this subject mainly present research on chromatographic analysis, evaluation of stability using various methods and thermochemical analysis.

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Considerations of Ethical Aspects of Control Strategies of Unowned Free-Roaming Dog Populations and the No-Kill Policy in Italy

Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research ◽

10.1163/25889567-12340014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 216-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Natoli ◽

G. Cariola ◽

G. Dall’Oglio ◽

P. Valsecchi

Keyword(s):

Capital Punishment ◽

Legal Status ◽

Control Strategies ◽

The Other ◽

European Countries ◽

Ethical Aspects ◽

Life Imprisonment ◽

Ethical Debate ◽

Italian Law ◽

Better Than

Abstract The management of free-roaming dog populations is an important matter both for the local administrations that have to manage this problem and for the defenders of the animals’ rights. This review’s first objective is to analyse the legal status of the free-roaming dogs in some European countries. A second purpose of this work is to ask questions and to consider the ethical aspects of the already-existing strategies to control free-roaming dog populations. Italian Law no. 281, which was enacted in 1991, was intended to solve the problem of free-roaming dogs in Italy; at the same time, apparently in contradiction with this objective, the law called for a no-kill policy to be enforced throughout the whole national territory. Thus, for a dog that has no chances of adoption, the ethical debate has moved to the question of whether a “life imprisonment” is better than the “capital punishment”. In terms of ethical aspects of control strategies of free-roaming dog populations, we believe that the Italian national law, and its regional applications, are more functional than the other laws of Westernized countries, with the appropriate measures suggested and with a more accurate control on their application.

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Inverse correlates of COVID-19 mortality across European countries during the first versus subsequent waves

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. e006422

Author(s):

Leonardo Villani ◽

Roberta Pastorino ◽

Walter Ricciardi ◽

John Ioannidis ◽

Stefania Boccia

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Well Being ◽

European Countries ◽

System Capacity ◽

European Economic Area ◽

Eastern European ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

The Uk ◽

Better Than

The objectives of the study were to calculate the standardised mortality rates (SMRs) for COVID-19 in European Union/European Economic Area countries plus the UK and Switzerland and to evaluate the correlation between SMRs and selected indicators in the first versus the subsequent waves until 23 June 2021. We used indirect standardisation (using Italy as the reference) to compute SMRs and considered 16 indicators of health and social well-being, health system capacity and COVID-19 response. The highest SMRs were in Belgium, the UK and Spain in the first wave (1.20–1.84) and in Hungary, Czechia and Slovakia in the subsequent waves (2.50–2.69). Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, urbanisation and healthcare expenditure had positive correlations with SMR in the first wave (rho=0.30–0.46), but negative correlations (rho=−0.67 to −0.47) in the subsequent waves. Retail/recreation mobility and transit mobility were negatively correlated with SMR in the first wave, while transit mobility was inversely correlated with SMR in the subsequent waves. The first wave hit most hard countries with high HDI, high life expectancy, high urbanisation, high health expenditures and high tourism. This pattern may reflect higher early community seeding and circulation of the virus. Conversely, in the subsequent waves, this pattern was completely inversed: countries with more resources and better health status did better than eastern European countries. While major SMR differences existed across countries in the first wave, these differences largely dissipated by 23 June 2021, with few exceptions.

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Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-01802-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alen Juginović ◽

Miro Vuković ◽

Ivan Aranza ◽

Valentina Biloš

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Regression Model ◽

Human Health ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

European Countries ◽

Household Air Pollution ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Life Years

AbstractAir pollution is the fourth greatest overall risk factor for human health. Despite declining levels in Europe, air pollution still represents a major health and economic burden. We collected data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 regarding overall, as well as ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and tracheal, bronchus and lung cancer-specific disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL) and mortality attributable to air pollution for 43 European countries between 1990 and 2019. Concentrations of ambient particulate matter (aPM2.5), ozone, and household air pollution from solid fuels were obtained from State of Global Air 2020. We analysed changes in air pollution parameters, as well as DALYs, YLL, and mortality related to air pollution, also taking into account gross national income (GNI) and socio-demographic index (SDI). Using a novel calculation, aPM2.5 ratio (PMR) change and DALY rate ratio (DARR) change were used to assess each country’s ability to decrease its aPM2.5 pollution and DALYs to at least the extent of the European median decrease within the analysed period. Finally, we created a multiple regression model for reliably predicting YLL using aPM2.5 and household air pollution. The average annual population-weighted aPM2.5 exposure in Europe in 1990 was 20.8 μg/m3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 18.3–23.2), while in 2019 it was 33.7% lower at 13.8 μg/m3 (95% CI 12.0–15.6). There were in total 368 006 estimated deaths in Europe in 2019 attributable to air pollution, a 42.4% decrease compared to 639 052 in 1990. The majority (90.4%) of all deaths were associated with aPM2.5. IHD was the primary cause of death making up 44.6% of all deaths attributable to air pollution. The age-standardised DALY rate and YLL rate attributable to air pollution were more than 60% lower in 2019 compared to 1990. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.911) between YLL rate and aPM2.5 pollution in 2019 in Europe. Our multiple regression model predicts that for 10% increase in aPM2.5, YLL increases by 16.7%. Furthermore, 26 of 43 European countries had a positive DARR change. 31 of 43 European countries had a negative PMR change, thus not keeping up with the European median aPM2.5 concentration decrease. When categorising countries by SDI and GNI, countries in the higher brackets had significantly lower aPM2.5 concentration and DALY rate for IHD and stroke. Overall, air pollution levels, air pollution-related morbidity and mortality have decreased considerably in Europe in the last three decades. However, with the growing European population, air pollution remains an important public health and economic issue. Policies targeting air pollution reduction should continue to be strongly enforced to further reduce one of the greatest risk factors for human health.

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Millennial Thoughts from Central and Eastern Europe

Kinema: A Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media ◽

10.15353/kinema.vi.891 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Christina Stojanova

Keyword(s):

Central And Eastern Europe ◽

Social Institutions ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

Western European ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Different Cultures ◽

Better Than ◽

Do So

Where is that fragile line between different cultures, different religions, different national or personal identities? - Agnieszka Holland THE 19th CENTURY politician Metternich, a champion of Western European isolationism and Austrian xenophobia, is credited with saying that Asia begins at the Landstrasse, that is, at the street that leads out of Vienna toward Hungary. Over the last two hundred years of our millennium, Central and Eastern European countries have struggled to overcome this deep prejudice and reclaim their place in Europe independent political and cultural entities. And while it has been very difficult to do so in terms of economic and political modernisation; in terms of establishing long lasting state and social institutions that are capable of generating and perpetuating democracy, in terms of culture Central and Eastern European countries have scored much more successfully. In fact, often times much better than their Western European counterparts. Ten...

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Mission, Ministry and Masonry: The Challenge of Heritage Buildings for Christian Witness

Ecclesiastical Law Journal ◽

10.1017/s0956618x07000312 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 152-160

Author(s):

Graeme Knowles

Keyword(s):

Present State ◽

Roman Catholic ◽

State Aid ◽

European Countries ◽

Built Heritage ◽

Heritage Buildings ◽

Christian Witness ◽

The Church ◽

Day By Day ◽

Better Than

While it might be said that the present state of repair of the majority of the churches in use in England is better than it has ever been before, the congregations of England, whether they be Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist or Baptist, face the day by day challenge of maintaining a substantial section of the nation's built heritage. The 2006 Lyndwood Lecture, delivered at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 15 November 2006, examines possible avenues for the funding of this work, looking at the models of state aid offered by other European countries. It also considers the tension that exists between the legal imperative to view our churches not only as historic monuments but also as local centres of mission and worship. Moving on from this theme of funding, the lecture then examines the problems faced by all denominations in disposing of buildings no longer required for divine worship. It questions why the Church should continue to pay for the upkeep of buildings it no longer needs, and concludes, in the words of T S Eliot, that the Church must be forever building.

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Preparation and Study on a New Type of Anti-Electromagnetic Radiation Gypsum Board

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.703.90 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 703 ◽

pp. 90-93

Author(s):

Peng Qi Wang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Meng Zhang ◽

Dan Jun Tan ◽

Ke Yi Li

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Radiation ◽

Human Health ◽

Single Agent ◽

Absorption Peak ◽

Maximum Absorption ◽

Gypsum Board ◽

Graphite Content ◽

Microwave Absorbing Properties ◽

New Type ◽

Better Than

Electromagnetic radiation has become a great threat to human health. In this paper, ferrite and graphite were main absorbing agent, which were prepared to a new type of anti-electromagnetic radiation gypsum board. The results show that the microwave absorbing properties of ferrite/graphite mixed are better than with ferrite or graphite single-agent mixed. The gypsum board with the graphite content of 5wt% and the ferrite content of 25wt% has the best absorbing performance, The effective band width less than-5dB of the samples is 7.1311GHz, and the maximum absorption peak-18.467dB.

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Analysis of Various DNA Barcodes on the Turkish Protected Designation of Origin Apricot “Iğdır Kayısısı” (Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak)

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.1982-1987.3594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1982-1987

Author(s):

Kaan Hürkan

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Human Health ◽

Food Products ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Dna Barcodes ◽

Prunus Species ◽

Food Adulteration ◽

Protected Designation Of Origin ◽

Commercial Value ◽

Better Than

Identifying the originality and detecting the authentication of the processed and unprocessed commercial food products ensure food safety. Food adulteration of food products with high commercial value by cheap additives could threaten human health. In this study, we generated and tested five DNA barcodes (ITS, LEAFY, matK, rbcL, ycf1) of the Turkish Protected Designation of Origin Apricot “Iğdır Kayısısı” (Prunus armeniaca cv. Şalak) with related primer pairs. The generated barcodes were deposited on the GenBank database. The results showed that nuclear originated ITS and LEAFY barcodes discriminated the Prunus species and cultivars better than the plastidial barcodes. Due to plenty of ITS barcodes on the databases, and good results in our study we recommend using ITS to identify Prunus species and cultivars.

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