The effect of two different speed endurance training protocols on a multiple shuttle run performance in young elite male soccer players

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if the HRindex Method (VO2max = [6 x HRindex - 5] x 3.5, where HRindex = HRmax/HRrest) was accurate for tracking changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training among collegiate female soccer players. Predicted VO2max via the HRindex Method and observed VO2max from a maximal exercise test on a treadmill were determined for a group of female soccer athletes (n = 15) before and following an 8-week endurance training protocol. The predicted (pVO2max) and observed (aVO2max) values were compared at baseline and within 1-week post-training. Change values (i.e., the difference between pre to post) for each variable were also determined and compared. There was a significant difference between aVO2max before (43.2 ± 2.8 ml.kg.min-1) and following (46.2 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min-1) the 8-week training program (p < 0.05). However, pVO2max did not significantly change following training (pre = 43.4 ± 4.6 ml.kg.min-1, post = 42.9 ± 4.1 ml.kg.min-1, p = 0.53). Furthermore, the correlation between the change in aVO2max and the change in pVO2max was trivial and non-significant (r = 0.30, p = 0.28). The HRindex Method does not appear to be suitable for predicting changes in VO2max following 8-weeks of endurance training in female collegiate soccer players

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A comparison of PGC-1α mRNA and protein expression in response to 1-week endurance training on alternate days or 4 consecutive days

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0222 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (11) ◽

pp. 1210-1213 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Li-Ping Huang ◽

Min Yao ◽

Ya-Li Wang ◽

Allan Davie ◽

Shi Zhou

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Treadmill Exercise ◽

Cumulative Effect ◽

Mrna And Protein Expression ◽

Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽

Training Protocols

To understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to different training protocols, this study compared the effects of 4 sessions of 90 min treadmill exercise on alternate days or consecutive days in 1 week on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α in rat gastrocnemius muscle. The mRNA significantly increased by 25.8-fold after alternate-day and 10.1-fold after consecutive-day training, while the protein showed no significant cumulative effect, 1.5–1.7-fold above baseline, in the 2 protocols.

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High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Performed on the Sand Induces Higher Internal Load Demands in Soccer Players

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tiago Cetolin ◽

Anderson Santiago Teixeira ◽

Juliano Fernandes da Silva ◽

Alessandro Haupenthal ◽

Fábio Yuzo Nakamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Surface Condition ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Physiological Effect ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Shuttle Run

This study aimed to examine the acute physiological effect of shuttle-run-based high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) performed at the same relative speed (i. e., 100% PST−CAR) on sand (SAND) and grass (GRASS) in male junior soccer players. Seven Under-23 Brazilian national league (“Série A”) soccer players completed four testing sessions in either SAND or GRASS surface condition. The first two testing sessions consisted of performing a maximal progressive shuttle-run field protocol until volitional exhaustion (Carminatti's test, T-CAR), whereas the third and fourth sessions comprised a HIIE session on each ground surface. The HIIE session consisted of three 5-min bouts [12 s shuttle-run (with a direction change every 6 s)/12 s of passive rest] performed at 100% of T-CAR peak speed (PST−CAR) with 3 min of passive recovery between sets. Measurements of oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([La]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were performed during all conditions. The SAND condition elicited significantly higher %VO2peak (94.58 ± 2.73 vs. 87.45 ± 3.31%, p < 0.001, d = 2.35), %HRpeak (93.89 ± 2.63 vs. 90.31 ± 2.87%, p < 0.001, d = 1.30), RPE (8.00 ± 0.91 vs. 4.95 ± 1.23 a.u., p < 0.001, d = 2.82), and [La] (10.76 ± 2.37 vs. 5.48 ± 1.13 mmol/L, p < 0.010, d = 2.84). This study showed that higher internal workloads are experienced by the players during a single HIIE session performed on a softer surface as SAND, even when the exercise intensity was individualized based on 100%PST−CAR.

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Effect of whey vs. soy protein supplementation on recovery kinetics following speed endurance training in competitive male soccer players: a randomized controlled trial

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-021-00420-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Savvas Kritikos ◽

Konstantinos Papanikolaou ◽

Dimitrios Draganidis ◽

Athanasios Poulios ◽

Kalliopi Georgakouli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Soy Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Redox Status ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Protein Carbonyls ◽

Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Exercise Induced

Abstract Background Soccer-specific speed-endurance training induces short-term neuromuscular fatigue and performance deterioration over a 72-h recovery period, associated with elevated markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. We compared the effects of whey vs. soy protein supplementation on field activity, performance, muscle damage and redox responses following speed-endurance training in soccer players. Methods Ten well-trained, male soccer players completed three speed-endurance training trials, receiving whey protein (WP), soy protein (SP) or an isoenergetic placebo (PL; maltodextrin) according to a randomized, double-blind, crossover, repeated-measures design. A pre-loading period was applied in each trial during which protein supplementation was individually adjusted to reach a total protein intake of 1.5 g/kg/day, whereas in PL protein intake was adjusted at 0.8–1 g/kg/day. Following pre-loading, two speed-endurance training sessions (1 and 2) were performed 1 day apart, over a 3-day experimental period. During each session, field activity and heart rate were continuously monitored using global positioning system and heart rate monitors, respectively. Performance (isokinetic strength of knee extensors and flexors, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, speed, repeated sprint ability, countermovement jump), muscle damage (delayed-onset of muscle soreness, creatine kinase activity) and redox status (glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, protein carbonyls) were evaluated at baseline (pre), following pre-loading (post-load), and during recovery from speed-endurance training. Results High-intensity and high-speed running decreased (P ≤ 0.05) during speed-endurance training in all trials, but WP and SP mitigated this response. Isokinetic strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction, 30-m speed, repeated sprint ability and countermovement jump performance were similarly deteriorated during recovery following speed-endurance training in all trials (P ≤ 0.05). 10 m speed was impaired at 24 h only in PL. Delayed-onset of muscle soreness, creatine kinase, total antioxidant capacity and protein carbonyls increased and glutathione decreased equally among trials following speed-endurance training (P ≤ 0.05), with SP inducing a faster recovery of protein carbonyls only at 48 h (P ≤ 0.05) compared to WP and PL. Conclusions In conclusion, increasing daily protein intake to 1.5 g/kg through ingestion of either whey or soy protein supplements mitigates field performance deterioration during successive speed-endurance training sessions without affecting exercise-induced muscle damage and redox status markers. Trial registration Name of the registry: clinicaltrials.gov. Trial registration: NCT03753321. Date of registration: 12/10/2018.

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Adaptations to Speed Endurance Training in Highly Trained Soccer Players

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/mss.0000000000000900 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (7) ◽

pp. 1355-1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

MICHAEL NYBERG ◽

MATTEO FIORENZA ◽

ANDERS LUND ◽

MAGNUS CHRISTENSEN ◽

TUE RØMER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Soccer Players

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Effect of Sequencing Strength and Endurance Training in Young Male Soccer Players

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000001164 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 841-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Issam Makhlouf ◽

Carlo Castagna ◽

Vincenzo Manzi ◽

Louis Laurencelle ◽

David G. Behm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endurance Training ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players

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Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Th-Cell-Related Cytokines Released after Progressive Effort

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9030876 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 876 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak ◽

Andrzej Ciechanowicz ◽

Jeremy S.C. Clark ◽

Robert Nowak

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Cellular Level ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Th Cell ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Molecular Patterns ◽

The Impact ◽

Shuttle Run

Inflammation-induced processes commence with the activation of signalling pathways at the cellular level, which mobilize inflammatory cells and stimulate the secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). Physical effort stimulates inflammation, contributing to muscle repair and regeneration. We have examined the impact of different protocols of progressive-effort tests on T-cell DAMP levels, extracellular cleavage products (fibronectin and hyaluronan), and Th-cell-related cytokine levels among soccer players. Thirty male soccer players with a median age of 17 (16–22) years performed different defined protocols for progressive exercise until exhaustion: (1) YO-YO intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYRL1, n = 10); (2) maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run (Beep, n = 10); and mechanical treadmill (MT, n = 10); and (3) shuttle-run test (n = 10). Blood samples were taken three times as follows: at baseline, post effort, and in recovery. Significantly higher post-effort concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were observed in the Beep group, IL-4 in the YYRL1 group, and IL-6 and IFN-γ in the MT group as compared with the baseline values. Recovery values were significantly higher for concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the YYRL1 group, only for IFN-γ in the Beep group, and for IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ in the MT group as compared with the baseline values. Post-effort concentrations of DEFβ2, Hsp27, Fn, and UA in the Beep group and Hsp27 and HA in the YYRL1 group were significantly higher as compared with the baseline values. It seems the performed efficiency test protocols caused a short-term imbalance in Th1/Th2 cytokine levels without giving common molecular patterns. The rapidity of these changes was apparently related to specific physical movements and the type of running surface.

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