Output Reduction over Time of Germicidal UV-C Lamps Used for Treating Agricultural Crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mark S. Rea ◽  
John D. Bullough ◽  
Andrew C. Bierman
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Over Time

Intra-sectoral and Intersectoral Parity Issues in Pricing of Agricultural Crops: A Preliminary Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417
Author(s):  
Sarfraz K. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Government ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Over Time

Intersectoral terms of trade play a cruc1al role in determining the sectoral distribution of income and resource allocation in the developing countries. The significance of intra-sectoral terms of trade for the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is also widely accepted by research scholars and policy-makers. In the context of planned development, the government specifies production targets for the agricultural sector and for different crops. The intervention of government in the field of price determination has important implications for the achievement of planned targets. In Pakistan, there is a feeling among many groups including farmers and politicians with a rural background that prices of agricultural crops have not kept their parities intact over time and that prices generally do not cover the costs of production. The feeling that production incentives for agriculture have been eroded is especially strong for the period since the early 1970s. It is argued that strong inflationary pressures supported by a policy of withdrawal of government subsidies on agricultural inputs have resulted in rapid increases in the prices paid by agriculturists and that increases in the prices received by farmers were not enough to compensate them for the rising prices of agricultural inputs and consumption goods.

scholarly journals Soiling Effect Mitigation Obtained by Applying Transparent Thin-Films on Solar Panels: Comparison of Different Types of Coatings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 964
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Rudnicka ◽  
Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Soil Composition ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Hydrophobic Coatings ◽  
Transparent Films ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Over Time

Dust accumulation on the front cover of solar panels is closely linked to location and orientation of photovoltaic (PV) installation. Its build-up depends on the module tilt angle, frequency of precipitation, humidity, wind strength and velocity, as well as grain size. Additionally, soil composition is determined by solar farm surroundings such as local factories, agricultural crops, and traffic. Over time, molecules of atmospheric dust agglomerate on top of each other and cause gradual reduction in generated energy. Manual cleaning techniques are required to restore working conditions of PV installation to their original conditions; however, they are time consuming and may lead to damage of the glass coverage. Therefore, implementing a different approach by utilizing self-cleaning and anti-dust coatings on front covers of module surfaces is thought of as a competitive manner of cleansing. Based on the varying properties of such thin-films, a division was made into hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and anti-dust coatings. In this article, the authors would like to present a comprehensive review of those types of transparent films. Moreover, a few hydrophobic coatings available on the Polish market were analyzed by applying them on glass tiles and covering them with three types of dust.

scholarly journals RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS EM VARIEDADES DE CANA SOCA SUBMETIDAS AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO

Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-816
Author(s):  
Francisco Rodolfo Junior ◽  
Walter Quadros Ribeiro Junior ◽  
Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Omar Cruz Rocha ◽  
Fábio Pedro Silva Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Ratoon Sugarcane ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Over Time

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS EM VARIEDADES DE CANA SOCA SUBMETIDAS AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO              FRANCISCO RODOLFO JUNIOR1; WALTER QUADROS RIBEIRO JUNIOR2; MARIA LUCRÉCIA GEROSA RAMOS3; OMAR CRUZ ROCHA2; FÁBIO PEDRO SILVA BATISTA4 E CRISTIANE ANDRÉA DE LIMA2 1 Universidade Federal do Piauí-CPCE, BR 135, km 03, Planalto Horizonte, CEP 64900-000, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil, [email protected];2Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020 Km 18, Planaltina - DF, CEP 73310-970, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected];3Universidade de Brasília/FAV, Instituto Central de Ciências, Sul (ICC-Sul), CEP 70.910-970, [email protected];4Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade de Brasília/FAV, ICC-Sul, CEP 70.910-970, [email protected];  1 RESUMO A baixa disponibilidade hídrica afeta negativamente os cultivos agrícolas e é a principal causa da redução da produtividade no setor sucroalcooleiro no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar fisiologicamente as variedades da cana-de-açúcar, submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de 0,36 hectares, localizada na Embrapa Cerrados, próxima a Planaltina-DF. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três variedades (RB855156, RB835486 e RB867515-parcela), ausência e presença da irrigação (irrigado e sequeiro - subparcela) e quatro coletas de dados no tempo (100; 150; 200 e 250 dias após o corte) que foram as subsubparcelas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características fisiológicas: prolina livre a folha, trocas gasosas: transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), fotossíntese líquida (A), eficiência intrínseca do uso da água (EIUA), eficiência da carboxilação (EC), clorofila tipo a (Clo-a) e clorofila total (Clo-a+b). As variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em sistema de sequeiro apresentaram aumento na concentração foliar de prolina e EIUA, e redução de E, gs, A, EC, Clo-a e Clo-a+b. Palavras-Chave: Saccharum spp. L.; estresse abiótico; prolina; trocas gasosas.  RODOLFO JUNIOR, F.; RIBEIRO JUNIOR, W. Q.; RAMOS, M. L. G.; ROCHA, O. C.; BATISTA, F. P. S.; LIMA, C. A.PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN VARIETIES OF RATOON SUGARCANE SUBMITTED TO WATER DEFICIT  2 ABSTRACT Low water supply affects negatively agricultural crops and is the main cause of reduced productivity in the sugar and ethanol industry in Brazil. The objective of this paper was to physiologically characterize the varieties of sugar cane under different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in an area of 0.36 hectares, located in Embrapa Cerrado, near Planaltina-DF. The design was randomized with three replicates in parcels subdivided in time, with three varieties (RB855156, RB835486 and RB867515-plots), with absence and presence of irrigation (irrigated and rainfed- subplots) and four data collections over time  (100; 150; 200 and 250 days after harvest), that formed the subsubplots. The following physiological characteristics were assessed: free proline in leaves, leaf gas exchange: transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis (A), intrinsic water use efficiency (EIUA), efficiency of carboxylation (EC), chlorophyll type a (Clo-a) e total chlorophyll (Clo-a+b). The varieties of sugarcane cultivated in rainfed system presented increase in leaf concentration of proline and EIUA, and reduced E, gs, A, EC, Cloa, Clo-a+b. Keywords: Saccharum spp. L.; abiotic stress; proline; gas exchange.

scholarly journals The Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in Critical Hospital Settings by Means of Ultraviolet C Lamps: Examples of Their Use and Some Practical Advice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Lualdi ◽  
Adalberto Cavalleri ◽  
Andrea Bianco ◽  
Mara Biasin ◽  
Claudia Cavatorta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Direct Verification ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Hospital Cleaning ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background UltraViolet-C (UV-C) lamps may be used to supplement current hospital cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is to provide some practical indications for the correct use of UV-C lamps. Methods We studied three UV-C lamps, measuring their spatial irradiance and emission over time. We quantify the error that is committed by calculating the irradiation time based exclusively on the technical data of the lamps or by making direct irradiance measurements. Finally, we tested specific dosimeters for UV-C. Results Our results show that the spatial emission of UV-C lamps is strongly dependent on the power of the lamps and on the design of their reflectors. Only by optimizing the positioning and calculating the exposure time correctly, is it possible to dispense the dose necessary to obtain SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. In the absence of suitable equipment for measuring irradiance, the calculated irradiation time can be underestimated. We therefore consider it precautionary to increase the calculated times by at least 20%. Conclusion To use UV-C lamps effectively, it is necessary to follow a few simple precepts when choosing, positioning and verifying the lamps. In the absence of instruments dedicated to direct verification of irradiance, photochromic UV-C dosimeters may represent a useful tool for easily verifying that a proper UV-C dose has been delivered.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet C lamps for disinfection of surfaces potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 in critical hospital settings: examples of their use and some practical advice

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Lualdi ◽  
Adalberto Cavalleri ◽  
Andrea Bianco ◽  
Mara Biasin ◽  
Claudia Cavatorta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
Direct Verification ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Hospital Cleaning ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background UltraViolet-C (UV-C) lamps may be used to supplement current hospital cleaning and disinfection of surfaces contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is to provide some practical indications for the correct use of UV-C lamps. Methods We studied three UV-C lamps, measuring their spatial irradiance and emission over time. We quantify the error that is committed by calculating the irradiation time based exclusively on the technical data of the lamps or by making direct irradiance measurements. Finally, we tested specific dosimeters for UV-C. Results Our results show that the spatial emission of UV-C lamps is strongly dependent on the power of the lamps and on the design of their reflectors. Only by optimizing the positioning and calculating the exposure time correctly, is it possible to dispense the dose necessary to obtain SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. In the absence of suitable equipment for measuring irradiance, the calculated irradiation time can be underestimated. We therefore consider it precautionary to increase the calculated times by at least 20%. Conclusion To use UV-C lamps effectively, it is necessary to follow a few simple precepts when choosing, positioning and verifying the lamps. In the absence of instruments dedicated to direct verification of irradiance, photochromic UV-C dosimeters may represent a useful tool for easily verifying that a proper UV-C dose has been delivered.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Treatment Fidelity Procedures for an Aphasia Intervention Within a Randomized Controlled Trial: Design, Feasibility, and Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1S) ◽  
pp. 412-424
Author(s):  
Elissa L. Conlon ◽  
Emily J. Braun ◽  
Edna M. Babbitt ◽  
Leora R. Cherney
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
Protocol Adherence ◽  
Study Condition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Aphasia Therapy ◽  
Percent Accuracy ◽  
Over Time

Purpose This study reports on the treatment fidelity procedures implemented during a 5-year randomized controlled trial comparing intensive and distributed comprehensive aphasia therapy. Specifically, the results of 1 treatment, verb network strengthening treatment (VNeST), are examined. Method Eight participants were recruited for each of 7 consecutive cohorts for a total of 56 participants. Participants completed 60 hr of aphasia therapy, including 15 hr of VNeST. Two experienced speech-language pathologists delivered the treatment. To promote treatment fidelity, the study team developed a detailed manual of procedures and fidelity checklists, completed role plays to standardize treatment administration, and video-recorded all treatment sessions for review. To assess protocol adherence during treatment delivery, trained research assistants not involved in the treatment reviewed video recordings of a subset of randomly selected VNeST treatment sessions and completed the fidelity checklists. This process was completed for 32 participants representing 2 early cohorts and 2 later cohorts, which allowed for measurement of protocol adherence over time. Percent accuracy of protocol adherence was calculated across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition (intensive vs. distributed therapy). Results The fidelity procedures were sufficient to promote and verify a high level of adherence to the treatment protocol across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition. Conclusion Treatment fidelity strategies and monitoring are feasible when incorporated into the study design. Treatment fidelity monitoring should be completed at regular intervals during the course of a study to ensure that high levels of protocol adherence are maintained over time and across conditions.

Percutaneous Tracheostomy: A Multidisciplinary Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinciya Pandian ◽  
Thai Tran Nguyen ◽  
Marek Mirski ◽  
Nasir Islam Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Percutaneous Tracheostomy ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Comprehensive Service ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The techniques of performing a tracheostomy has transformed over time. Percutaneous tracheostomy is gaining popularity over open tracheostomy given its advantages and as a result the number of bedside tracheostomies has increased necessitating the need for a Percutaneous Tracheostomy Program. The Percutaneous Tracheostomy Program at the Johns Hopkins Hospital is a comprehensive service that provides care to patients before, during, and after a tracheostomy with a multidisciplinary approach aimed at decreasing complications. Education is provided to patients, families, and health-care professionals who are involved in the management of a tracheostomy. Ongoing prospective data collection serves as a tool for Quality Assurance.

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