The Optimization of the Esterification Reaction in Biodiesel Production from Trap Grease

Glycerol is the main by-product of biodiesel production and during the trans-esterification reaction, about 10 wt % of glycerol is produced. In this study, different amount of Ni was loaded on HZSM-5 and tested for the conversion of glycerol to hydrogen. The studies were also conducted at different reactor temperature of 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650°C respectively. The structural characterization of the catalyst was carried out using the XRD. It was found that, the addition of 15 wt % of nickel loaded on HZSM-5 shows the highest glycerol conversion of 98.54%. In addition, it produces the highest yield of hydrogen gas operated at reactor temperature of 600°C.

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Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar as a Solid Catalyst: From Literature Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Esterifications to the Experiments for Biodiesel Synthesis from Palm Oil Industry Waste Residue

Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.17509/ijost.v6i2.34498 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 337-352

Author(s):

Arif Hidayat ◽

Winarto Kurniawan ◽

Hirofumi Hinode

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Catalyst Amount ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Bagasse Biochar

In this study, the utilization of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) as a solid catalyst was investigated for biodiesel production from palm oil industry waste residue. The catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of SCBB to attach sulfonate functional group. Several analyses such as Nitrogen Gas Sorption Analysis, acidity, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were applied to determine the properties of SCBB catalyst. The SCBB catalysts were tested to esterify the palm oil industry waste residue which contains of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs). The SCBB catalyst activity test revealed that the variables including catalyst amount, methanol to PFAD mass ratio, and temperature influenced the FFAs conversion. The highest of FFAs of 86.1% was reached at reaction temperature of 65 °C with the PFAD to methanol mass ratio of 4:1, and catalyst amount of 5 wt.% PFAD. The E-R kinetic model as developed can be described the mechanism of esterification reaction

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Optimization of Esterification Reaction Conditions Through the Analysis of the Main Significant Variables

Angolan Industry and Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.47444/aincej.v1i1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bruna Ricetti Margarida ◽

Luana I. Flores ◽

Luiz Fernando De Lima Luz Jr. ◽

Marcelo Kaminski Lenzi

Keyword(s):

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Major Influence ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

Reaction Behavior ◽

Reaction Conversion ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Hydrous Ethanol ◽

Water Ratio

Biodiesel production from residual sources is gaining considerable attention nowadays. Consequently, many different studies with in-depth analysis concerning the influence of the transesterification reaction conditions are available in the literature. However, further evaluation of the esterification of fatty acids in the biodiesel industry is still needed. In this study, different parameters influencing the esterification reaction behavior using ethanol as the alcohol and lauric acid as the FFA are analyzed through factorial design and ANOVA methodologies to verify which ones are significant in the reaction. In total, four parameters were evaluated: temperature, catalyst concentration, ethanol/FFA ratio, and ethanol/water ratio. The temperature and ethanol/water ratio had a major influence on the reaction, as increasing these parameters greatly improved reaction conversion. It was also verified that using hydrous ethanol in the esterification reaction is possible in some conditions.

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9010067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Muhammad Hossain ◽

Md Siddik Bhuyan ◽

Abul Md Ashraful Alam ◽

Yong Seo

Keyword(s):

Solid Acid ◽

Solid Acid Catalyst ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

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Optimization of Biodiesel Production From Bakul Oil

Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.3329/jce.v29i1.33813 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

Mohammad Kaniz Ferdous ◽

M Rahim Uddin ◽

M Rakib Uddin ◽

Maksudur R Khan ◽

MA Islam

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Silica Gel ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Soxhlet Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Step Method ◽

Press Method ◽

Transesterification Method ◽

Mimusops Elengi

In this paper, biodiesel production from Bakul oil (Mimusops Elengi) by three-step method and optimization were studied by the application of factorial design. Bakul Oil (BO) was extracted from Bakul seeds by press method and soxhlet extraction method. Bakul seed was collected from the local sources. The raw oil, containing 11.1 wt% Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and viscosity was 76.62 mm2/s. Because of higher FFA content of BO transesterification method cant be applied, so three-step method was conducted for biodiesel production and optimization. In the three-step method, the first step was saponification of the oil followed by acidification to produce FFA and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. The reaction parameters in saponification, acidification and esterification reaction were optimized. Silica gel was used during esterification reaction to adsorb water produced in the reaction and silica gel to FFA ratio was 1:10 wt/wt. Hence the reaction rate was increased and finally the FFA was reduced to 0.70 wt%. A factorial design was studied for esterification reaction and developed to obtain the higher yield of biodiesel. Finally various properties of biodiesel such as FFA, viscosity, specific gravity, cetane index, pour point, flash point were measured and compared with biodiesel and petro-diesel standard.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017: 14-18

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Sol–Gel Entrapped Lewis Acids as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25245936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 5936

Author(s):

Mirit Kolet ◽

Melad Atrash ◽

Karen Molina ◽

Daniel Zerbib ◽

Yael Albo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lewis Acids ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Ultrasonic Activation ◽

Immobilized Catalysts ◽

Product Separation

Replacing fossil fuels with biodiesel enables the emission of greenhouse gases to be decreased and reduces dependence on fossil fuels in countries with poor natural resources. Biodiesel can be produced by an esterification reaction between free fatty acids (FFAs) and methanol or by transesterification of triglycerides from oils. Both reactions require homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis. Production of biodiesel catalyzed by heterogeneous catalysts seems to be the preferred route, enabling easy product separation. As we have previously shown, the Lewis acids AlCl3 and BF3 can serve as highly efficient catalysts under ultrasonic activation. The present study focused on the development of oleic acid (OA) esterification with methanol by the same catalysts immobilized in silica matrices using the sol–gel synthesis route. During the course of immobilization, AlCl3 converts to AlCl3 × 6H2O (aluminite) and BF3 is hydrolyzed with the production of B2O3. The immobilized catalysts can be reused or involved in a continuous process. The possibility of biodiesel production using immobilized catalysts under ultrasonic activation is shown for the conversion of FFAs into biodiesel in batch and continuous mode.

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Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

Enzyme Research ◽

10.4061/2011/618692 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽

Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽

Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽

Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽

Denise Maria Guimarães Freire

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽

Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

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Hura crepitans Seed Oil: An Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

Journal of Fuels ◽

10.1155/2014/464590 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Adewale Adewuyi ◽

Paul O. Awolade ◽

Rotimi Ayodele Oderinde

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Iodine Value ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Cetane Number ◽

Reaction System ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Hura Crepitans

Oil was extracted from the seed of Hura crepitans using hexane in a soxhlet extractor and analyzed for iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content. The dominant fatty acid in the oil was C18:2 (52.8±0.10%) while the iodine value was 120.10±0.70 g iodine/100 g. Biodiesel was produced from the oil using a two-step reaction system involving a first step of pretreatment via esterification reaction and a second step via transesterification reaction. The pretreatment step showed that free fatty acid in Hura crepitans seed oil can be reduced in a one-step pretreatment of esterification using H2SO4 as catalyst. The biodiesel produced from Hura crepitans seed oil had an acid value of 0.21±0.00 mg KOH/g, flash point of 152 ± 1.10°C, copper strip corrosion value of 1A, calorific value of 39.10±0.30 mJ/kg, cetane number of 45.62±0.30, and density of 0.86±0.02 g cm−3. The process gave a biodiesel yield of 98.70±0.40% with properties within the recommended values of EN 14214.

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Production of novel applicable derivatives from biodiesel glycerin

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2017-0028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 323-333

Author(s):

Afshin Abrishamkar ◽

Armin Franz Isenmann ◽

Amin Abrishamkar

Keyword(s):

Equilibrium State ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Allyl Alcohol ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Low Cost ◽

The Other ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Efficient Production ◽

Successful Completion

Abstract Glycerin (glycerol) is a co-product of biodiesel production that is widely produced and is available at a low cost. To date, various applications have been investigated and introduced for biodiesel glycerin. In this study, a number of valuable products were produced using biodiesel glycerin and formic acid as the main reactants. Allyl alcohol is one of the valuable chemicals produced from glycerin monoformate. Efficient production of this product requires successful completion of the first section of the reaction, which is an equilibrium reaction. The highest feasible yield achieved was about 83% (based on the consumption of formic acid) at 120–140°C without the addition of any catalysts. Also, the esterification reaction was further investigated at room temperature, where the equilibrium state was reached with a yield of 55% after only 4 h. Moreover, the addition of urea to the reaction with the aim of producing the other two side products, i.e. diformyl urea and glycerin carbonate, in addition to glycerin monoformate, was studied. The results showed that considerable amounts of applicable byproducts, e.g. formamid, are also produced, making the process even more economical.

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