Social protection and children's rights in developing countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Gatenio Gabel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Dependence ◽  
Social Protection Systems

Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in almost any population because of their physical and emotional dependence on adults and social status. Their vulnerability is greater in many developing countries because of the higher incidence of poverty and nascent social protection mechanisms. Social protection can serve as a tool to perpetuate inequities or can be used to promote human rights, equality, and inclusiveness. This paper looks at how social protection evolving in four developing countries, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, affects the realization of children's rights. Each country's social protection efforts are analyzed according to the type of effort and then compared to indicators measuring the realization of children's rights. The analysis indicates that well-coordinated social protection systems with wide coverage that include social assistance, social insurance, as well as human capital and empowerment efforts are more likely to result in the progressive realization of children's rights.

scholarly journals Influence of Fiscal Policies and Labor Market Characteristics on Sustainable Social Insurance Budgets—Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6197
Author(s):  
Adriana Florina Popa ◽  
Stefania Amalia Jimon ◽  
Delia David ◽  
Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Social Protection Systems

Social protection systems are a key factor for ensuring the long-term sustainability and stability of economies in the European Union, their reform being nowadays present in the political agenda of member states. Aging and the dependence on mandatory levies applied to the employed population on the labor market represent a threat for the sustainability of public social protection systems. In terms of sustainability, our purpose was to highlight the factors influencing social insurance budgets, considering the fiscal policies implemented in six countries of Central and Eastern Europe and their particular labor market characteristics. Therefore, a panel study based on a regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) with cross section random effects was used to determine the correlations between funding sources and labor market specific indicators. The data analyzed led to relevant results that emphasize the dependence of social insurance budgets on positive factors such as the average level of salaries, the share of compulsory social contributions, the unemployment rate, and the human development index, suggesting the continuing need for professional and personal development of the workforce.

scholarly journals Ensuring universal social protection for the future of work

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Behrendt ◽  
Quynh Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Life Transitions ◽  
Effective Coverage ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
The Future ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Social Protection Systems ◽  
Work And Employment ◽  
Sustainable Financing

The debate about the future of work has sparked a debate about how to ensure that social protection systems can provide full and effective coverage for workers in all forms of employment, including ‘new’ ones. While some emerging work and employment arrangements may provide greater flexibility for workers and employers, they may lead to significant gaps in social protection coverage, at a time when demands on social protection systems are increasing. It is therefore necessary to strengthen and adapt social protection systems for a changing world of work. More than ever, they have a key role in preventing poverty, reducing inequality, enhancing income security and enabling workers and their families better to navigate work and life transitions. Comprehensive approaches, including contributory and non-contributory social protection mechanisms, with equitable and sustainable financing mechanisms available through taxes or contributions, stand the best chance of offering adequate social protection to all.

scholarly journals Urban-Sensitive Social Protection: How Universalized Social Protection Can Reduce Urban Vulnerabilities Post COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 146499342110208
Author(s):  
Stephen Devereux ◽  
Jose Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Social Protection Systems

Experience with urban social protection programmes is relatively limited in the Global South. Extensions or duplicates of rural social assistance programmes do not reflect the distinct vulnerabilities of the urban poor, who face higher living costs and more precarious employment, and are not reached by social insurance schemes that are designed for formally employed workers. Neither the Sustainable Development Goals nor the New Urban Agenda reflect a specific focus on urban social protection. COVID-19 has exposed this major gap in coverage, given the disproportionate impact of lockdowns on the livelihoods of the urban poor. To ‘build back better’ post COVID-19, we propose rights-based national social protection systems with two components: categorical social assistance for non-working vulnerable groups (children, older persons, persons with disability) and universal social insurance for all working adults (formal, informal or self-employed), financed out of general revenues rather than mandatory contributions by employees and employers. These ideas are explored in the case of South Africa, which has comprehensive social assistance but inadequate social insurance for urban informal workers.

scholarly journals ASIF in Poland in the light of national budget expenditure since 1991. Justification functioning system separateness among the EU countries

Management ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214
Author(s):  
Andrzej Czyżewski ◽  
Anna Matuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
European Network ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
National Budget ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Social Protection Systems ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Budget Expenditure

Summary The purpose of this article was to show that the existence of ASIF, as an important element of the social insurance system for farmers in Poland is not unique on a European scale. There were shown relationships ASIF with the budget and the characteristics of social insurance of farmers in selected countries of the European Network of Agricultural Social Protection Systems (ENASP)

scholarly journals Basic Income as a Response to New Economic Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Y. Kvashnin
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Emergency Assistance ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Social Protection Systems

The article reviews the current debates on universal basic income and assesses the prospects for its implementation. In 2020, the idea of unconditional cash payments gained a significant number of new supporters. This was partly due to the vibrant political campaign of Andrew Yang, who took part in U.S. Democratic primaries, advocating the introduction of the so-called freedom dividend for all Americans, regardless of their income level or labor status. However, a real surge in interest occurred against the backdrop of a global recession caused by the coronavirus pandemic, which forced national governments to respond quickly to new social and economic challenges. In a number of East Asian countries, the authorities provided a one-time emergency assistance to the entire population. Compared to other types of direct payments (“helicopter money”), emergency basic income has shown several advantages. Due to its universal nature, it covers all citizens, including those who are completely or partially excluded from existing social protection systems. Moreover, in organizational terms, it is much easier to directly transfer an equal sum of money to everyone, especially in conditions of self-isolation. In Western countries, however, the probability of transition to basic income, even in its emergency form, is still rather low. Preference will be given to traditional measures aimed at supporting the unemployed and other vulnerable groups. At the same time, the current crisis has already revived discussions about the effectiveness of existing social protection systems, which will play into the hands of political forces offering new approaches to welfare reform.

scholarly journals ‘Failed’ or resilient subaltern communities? Pacific indigenous social protection systems in a neoliberal world

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ratuva
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Failed State ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
The Face ◽  
State Index ◽  
Social Protection Systems

The notion of failed state is based on culturally, historically and ideologically slanted lenses and tends to rank post-colonial societies at the lower end of the Failed State Index (FSI). Likewise, the Social Protection Index (SPI) uses neoliberal and Western-based variables and tends to disadvantage subaltern post-colonial communities as in the Pacific. This article reverses this trend by arguing for a re-examination of the factors which shape the resilience and adaptability of local communities, something which has always been ignored by mainstream classificatory schemas such as the FSI and SPI. To this end, the article examines the indigenous and local human security and social protection systems in the Pacific and how these provide support mechanisms for community resilience and adaptation in the face of a predatory neoliberal onslaught and globalisation. It focuses on kinship, reciprocity, communal obligation and communal labour as examples of social protection mechanisms in four case studies—Fiji, Samoa, Kiribati and Vanuatu. Of significance here is the role of critical and progressive journalists and media in deconstructing the ideological and cultural bias embedded in these discourses.

UN-BLURRING THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
T N Sithole ◽  
Kgothatso B Shai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Great Awareness ◽  
Policy Theory ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The Status ◽  
Customary Practices

Awareness of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989) is relatively high within academic and political circles in South Africa and elsewhere around the world. In South Africa, this can be ascribed mainly to the powerful women’s lobby movements represented in government and academic sectors. Women and children’s issues have been especially highlighted in South Africa over the last few years. In this process, the aforementioned two international human rights instruments have proved very useful. There is a gender desk in each national department. The Office on the Status of Women and the Office on Child Rights have been established within the Office of the President, indicating the importance attached to these institutions. These offices are responsible for co-ordinating governmental efforts towards the promotion and protection of women and children’s rights respectively, including the two relevant treaties. Furthermore, there is also a great awareness amongst non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in respect of CEDAW and CRC. This can be ascribed mainly to the fact that there is a very strong women’s NGO lobby and NGOs are actively committed to the promotion of children’s rights. Women are increasingly vocal and active within the politics of South Africa, but the weight of customary practices remains heavy. The foregoing is evident of the widening gap between policy theory and practice in the fraternity of vulnerable groups – children and women in particular.

A cascade of exclusion: administrative burdens and access to citizenship in the case of Argentina’s National Identity Document

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232098454
Author(s):  
Mariana Chudnovsky ◽  
Rik Peeters
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Institutional Characteristics ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Identity Document ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Social Protection Systems

Administrative burdens can hinder people’s social, political and economic participation. However, most empirical studies usually tackle the issue of how they affect access to citizenship merely indirectly. This article examines administrative exclusion from Argentina’s National Identity Document and its effects on a key social policy: the Universal Child Allowance. Findings indicate that: (1) administrative exclusion from official identity documents ‘feeds back’ into the construction of a vulnerable target group that is systematically excluded from social benefits and public services; and (2) limitations in the administrative capacity for identity registration and documentation ‘trickle down’ to complications in the implementation of social policies as target groups remain ‘off the radar’. Findings also demonstrate the importance of understanding administrative burdens as a systemic issue. Burdens manifest themselves at the level of citizen–state interactions but their causes and consequences are tied up with intractable institutional characteristics, administrative capacities and social inequalities. Points for practitioners Efforts by developing countries to develop effective social protection systems are often thwarted by limitations in the state’s capacity to identify and reach marginalized citizens. This suggests the need for a systemic perspective of the state’s entire capacity instead of merely focusing on the design of social protection programmes. Specifically, we demonstrate that complete, accessible and up-to-date civil registries, identity documents and other forms of registration are a precondition for transforming formal rights into a tangible reality for citizens.

scholarly journals SISTEMAS DE PROTEÇÃO SOCIAL LATINO-AMERICANOS E RESPOSTAS À PANDEMIA DE COVID-19: Argentina, Brasil e México

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Mônica de Castro Maia Senna ◽  
Aline Souto Maior Ferreira ◽  
Valentina Sofia Suarez Baldo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Social Protection Systems

O artigo analisa como sistemas de proteção social na América Latina têm respondido à grave situação social decorrente da pandemia de COVID-19. Pautado em estudo exploratório, o artigo toma como foco as experiências da Argentina, Brasil e México. A perspectiva de análise considera que as respostas produzidas por esses três casos às demandas sociais postas pela pandemia decorrem da interseção entre o legado prévio e estrutura institucional dos sistemas de proteção social existentes em cada país, a orientação política dos governos em exercício e a dinâmica social e política diante do contexto da crise sanitária. Verifica que nos três países, a despeito de medidas protetivas de maior ou menor abrangência e magnitude, que reforçam a proteção social existente ou introduzem novos mecanismos – todos eles temporários – a crise social própria às formações sociais latino-americanas se agravou.LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND RESPONSES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: Argentina, Brazil and MexicoAbstractThe article analyses how social protection systems in Latina America have responded to the serious social situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by an exploratory study, the paper focuses on the experiences of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The analysis considers that the responses produced by the three cases results from the intersection between the institutional structure’s previous legacy of the social protection systems existing in each country, the political orientation of the governments in exercise and the social and political dynamics in the sanitary crisis context. It seems that, despite protective measures of greater or lesser scope and magnitude, which either reinforce the existing social protections or introduce new mechanisms – all of them temporary – the social crisis specific to Latin American social formations has worsened in the countries studied.Keywords: Social protection. COVID-19. Brazil. México. Argentina

scholarly journals Causal pathways of intergenerational poverty transmission in selected EU countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Stefanos Papanastasiou ◽  
Christos Papatheodorou
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Of Origin ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
The Family ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Social Protection Systems

The paper investigates whether, in what way and to what extent the family of origin affects offspring’s poverty risk in selected EU countriesrepresenting different social protection systems. Employing logit models and utilizing EU-SILC data, the analysis brings to the forefront the importance of social protection for intercepting the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Denmark with the socialdemocratic welfare state is the most successful in mitigating the effect of the family of origin on offspring’s poverty risk, followed by France representing the conservative-corporatist welfare regime. Less effective οn this matter appear to be Greece and Great Britain representing the south-European and the liberal social protection system respectively.

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