scholarly journals Neutrophil extracellular traps: Is immunity the second function of chromatin?

2012 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Brinkmann ◽  
Arturo Zychlinsky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins ◽  
Microbial Infections

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are made of processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins. NETs are released by white blood cells called neutrophils, maybe as a last resort, to control microbial infections. This release of chromatin is the result of a unique form of cell death, dubbed “NETosis.” Here we review our understanding of how NETs are made, their function in infections and as danger signals, and their emerging importance in autoimmunity and coagulation.

scholarly journals ETosis: A Microbicidal Mechanism beyond Cell Death

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson B. Guimarães-Costa ◽  
Michelle T. C. Nascimento ◽  
Amanda B. Wardini ◽  
Lucia H. Pinto-da-Silva ◽  
Elvira M. Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Netosis is a recently described type of neutrophil death occurring with the release to the extracellular milieu of a lattice composed of DNA associated with histones and granular and cytoplasmic proteins. These webs, initially named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), ensnare and kill microorganisms. Similarly, other cell types, such as eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages, can also dye by this mechanism; thus, it was renamed as ETosis, meaning death with release of extracellular traps (ETs). Here, we review the mechanism of NETosis/etosis, emphasizing its role in diseases caused by protozoan parasites, fungi, and viruses.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NEUTROPHILS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2015 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
V. V. Zhelezko ◽  
I. A. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Rheumatoid Factor ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Functional Features

The article presents the results of the assessment of functional features of neutrophils in 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The study revealed a decrease in absorbing and oxygen producing activity associated with the increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) and the dependence of parameters of NET forming activity of white blood cells on the rheumatoid factor, as well as the dependence of spontaneous oxygen producing activity on the functional class and the disease development.

Microfluidic capture of chromatin fibres measures neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released in a drop of human blood

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Sakuma ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Felix Ellett ◽  
Jon F. Edd ◽  
Babatunde Kehinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Primary Function

Neutrophils are the largest population of white blood cells in the circulation, and their primary function is to protect the body from microbes. They can release the chromatin in their...

scholarly journals Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (15) ◽  
pp. 3007-3018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Sangaletti ◽  
Claudio Tripodo ◽  
Claudia Chiodoni ◽  
Carla Guarnotta ◽  
Barbara Cappetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ◽  
Small Vessel Vasculitis ◽  
Myeloid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins ◽  
Human Pathology

Abstract Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) target proteins normally retained within neutrophils, indicating that cell death is involved in the autoimmunity process. Still, ANCA pathogenesis remains obscure. ANCAs activate neutrophils inducing their respiratory burst and a peculiar form of cell death, named NETosis, characterized by formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), decondensed chromatin threads decorated with cytoplasmic proteins endorsed with antimicrobial activity. NETs have been consistently detected in ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis, and this association prompted us to test whether the peculiar structure of NET favors neutrophil proteins uploading into myeloid dendritic cells and the induction of ANCAs and associated autoimmunity. Here we show that myeloid DCs uploaded with and activated by NET components induce ANCA and autoimmunity when injected into naive mice. DC uploading and autoimmunity induction are prevented by NET treatment with DNAse, indicating that NET structural integrity is needed to maintain the antigenicity of cytoplasmic proteins. We found NET intermingling with myeloid dendritic cells also positive for neutrophil myeloperoxidase in myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated microscopic poliangiitis providing a potential correlative picture in human pathology. These data provide the first demonstration that NET structures are highly immunogenic such to trigger adaptive immune response relevant for autoimmunity.

Correlation of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio with Expression of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Within Stroke Emboli

2021 ◽  
pp. 159101992110655
Author(s):  
Jorge Arturo Larco ◽  
Mehdi Abbasi ◽  
Sarosh Irfan Madhani ◽  
Madalina Oana Mereuta ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Extracellular Traps

Background & Purpose It has been hypothesized that circulating neutrophils have a direct correlation with the composition of emboli in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in peripheral blood and the expression of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) within stroke emboli. Methods Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) that underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT) were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on NLR median value. Retrieved thrombi were histologically analyzed using Martius Scarlett Blue (MSB) for main thrombus components including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), fibrin and platelet. Immunohistochemistry staining for von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and anti-citrullinated H3 (H3Cit; NETs marker) was also performed. Results Samples from a total of 84 patients were included. The average percentage of RBCs, WBCs, fibrin, platelet, H3Cit, and vWF components in thrombi were 45.1%, 3.5%, 21.8%, 29.6%, 19.7% and 14.8% respectively. When stratifying by NLR group [low (≤3.94) versus high (>3.95)], high NLR group had significantly more WBCs (4.5%), fibrin (24.2%), H3Cit (22.7%) and vWF (17.1%) thrombus fractions compared to low NLR group. Additionally, RBC content (38.8%) was lower in the high NLR group. Conclusions NLR is correlated with the amounts of WBCs, fibrin, NETs and vWF within the thrombi retrieved from AIS patients due to LVO.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Degrades Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to Promote Immune Cell Death

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 342 (6160) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Thammavongsa ◽  
D. M. Missiakas ◽  
O. Schneewind
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Extracellular Traps

scholarly journals Management of Hematologic Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Barnes Rogers, CRNP, MN, AOCN, ANP-BC ◽  
Carolyn Zawislak, MPAS, PA-C ◽  
Victoria Wong, PA-C
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Activated T Cells

Immune checkpoint inhibitors target suppressor receptors, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). The activated T cells are not antigen specific; therefore, the blockade of the immune checkpoint may result in the development of autoimmune adverse events. The most common immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are rash, colitis, and endocrinopathies. However, irAEs that affect the hematologic system are rare and can affect red blood cells (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia), white blood cells, and platelets (e.g., immune thrombocytopenia). Usually one cell line is affected; however, in some cases, multiple cell lines can be affected. Other changes in the hematologic system can also be affected (e.g., cryoglobulinemia, cytokine release syndrome). Due to the rarity and lack of recognition of these AEs, the timing, spectrum of events, and clinical presentation are poorly understood. Management of hematologic irAEs usually involves the use of steroids; however, other agents (e.g., IVIG, cyclosporine, rituximab) or procedures (e.g., plasma exchange, transfusions) can also be used.

NETosis: how vital is it?

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (16) ◽  
pp. 2784-2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan G. Yipp ◽  
Paul Kubes
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Net Release

Abstract In this review, we examine the evidence that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a critical role in innate immunity. We summarize how NETs are formed in response to various stimuli and provide evidence that NETosis is not universally a cell death pathway. Here we describe at least 2 different mechanisms by which NETs are formed, including a suicide lytic NETosis and a live cell or vital NETosis. We also evaluate the evidence for NETs in catching and killing pathogens. Finally, we examine how infections are related to the development of autoimmune and vasculitic diseases through unintended but detrimental bystander damage resulting from NET release.

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