scholarly journals Locomotory behavior, contact inhibition, and pattern formation of 3T3 and polyoma virus-transformed 3T3 cells in culture

1977 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Bell
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Adhesion Formation ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Contact Inhibition ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The social behavior of 3T3 cells and their polynoma virus-transformed derivative (Py3T3 cells) was examined by time-lapse cinemicrography in order to determine what factors are responsible for the marked differences in the patterns formed by the two cell lines in culture. Contrary to expectations, both cell types have been found to exhibit contact inhibition of cell locomotion. Therefore, the tendency of 3T3 cells to form monolayers and of Py3T3 cells to form crisscrossed multilayers cannot be explained on the basis of the presence versus the absence of contact inhibition. Morevover, with the exception of cell division control, the social behavior of the two cell types is qualitively similar. Both exhibit cell underlapping and, after contact between lamelliopodia, both show inhibition of locomotory activity and adhesion formation. Neither cell type was observed to migrate over the surface of another cell. The two cell types do show quantitative differences in the frequency of underlapping, the frequency with which contact results in inhibition of locomotion, and the proportion of the cell margin that adheres to the substratum. The increased frequency pf Py3T3 underlapping is correlated with the reduced frequency of substratum adhesions, which in turn favors underlapping. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that the differences in culture patterns are the result of differences in the shapes of the individual cells, such that underlapping, and hence crisscrossing, is favored in Py3T3 cell interactions and discouraged in 3T3 cells.

Guinea pigs—The “Small Great” Therapist for Autistic Children, or: Do Guinea Pigs Have Positive Effects on Autistic Child Social Behavior?

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alžbeta Talarovičová ◽  
Lucia Olexová ◽  
Lucia Kršková
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Descriptive Method

AbstractThe aim of our study was to investigate the effects of a small therapeutic animal (TA, guinea pig) on the social behavior of nine autistic children. The social contacts of the autistic children were evaluated by a descriptive method of direct observation that was performed without (in period one) and with (in period two) the presence of a TA. In period one, contacts with an unfamiliar person (UP) and acquaintances (A) were registered; in period two, contacts with the acquaintances and the TA were registered. The frequency of contacts of autistic children with their acquaintances significantly increased in the presence of the TA (P < 0.001). The frequency of contacts with the TA was significantly higher than the frequency of contacts with the UP (P < 0.001). The form of the autistic children’s contacts with A, with the UP, and with the TA was individually dependent, and the presence of the TA changed the characteristics of contacts with A. Our results indicate that the presence of a small TA can positively influence the quantity and quality of the social behavior of autistic children and that the characteristics of social contacts were dependent on the individual.

scholarly journals The Social Evolving: Sociogenomics on the Wings of Social Insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-117
Author(s):  
Sainath Suryanarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Genetic Networks ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Computational Tools ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This paper excavates the epistemological and ontological foundations of a rapidly emerging field called sociogenomics in relation to the development of social insects as models of social behavior. Its center-stage is “the genome,” where social and environmental information and genetic variation interact to influence social behavior through dynamic shifts in gene expression across multiple bodies and time-scales. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing technology, comparative genomics, and computational tools for mining patterns of association across widely disparate datasets, social insects are being experimented with to identify genetic networks underlying autism, novelty-seeking and aggression evolutionarily shared with humans. Drawing on the writings of key social insect biologists, and historians and philosophers of science, I investigate how the historical development of social insect research on wasps, ants and bees shape central approaches in sociogenomics today, in particular, with regards to shifting understandings of “the individual” in relation to “the social.”

CAUSES, FORMS, CONSEQUENCES PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS OF THE BULLYING MODEL IMPLEMENTATION AS A DESTRUCTIVE FORM OF INTERACTION IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Vinogradova A.I. ◽  
Melnikova O.D. ◽  
Paskhalskaya Y.V. ◽  
Yaskov E.S. ◽  
Gorodischeva A.N.
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Sociocultural Environment ◽  
Cultural Regulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

The specificity of the individuals and groups interaction in society affects the social structure and dynamics of social mechanisms, necessitates studying the reasons for changing the behavior of the parties involved. In recent years, under the influence of various factors that cause an increase in tension in the society life, such as differentiation according to several criteria, expansion of the sphere of interaction between the individual and society, there has been a significant increase in deviations in the personal development and younger generations, behavior which is most often reflected in the strong desire manifestation dominance over the weak. One of the most complex and poorly studied forms of social behavior is bullying, manifested by both individuals and entire groups of people. It becomes necessary to analyze the data analysis patterns and methods, concentrating on the causes predicting, forms that determine the consequences specificity of the bullying model implementation as a destructive form of the socio-cultural environment interaction. The processes digitalization implies the digitalization of data collection and the improvement of analytics for unstable systems associated with the human factor. As a result of the study, there was determined the need for the cultural environment formation in conditions of a certain nature, namely, the creation of a system that would carry out cultural regulation of social interactions and communications. The cultural environment reacts to changes in society, social consciousness changes, ensures the individuals collective life by regulating their social behavior. Separately, it should be noted the importance of changes in this area at the legislative level, which will increase the importance of this aspect and make adjustments at a subconscious level.

On the Social Behavior in a Stable Group of Long-Tailed Field Mice (Apodemus Sylvaticus). Ii. Its Relations With Distribution of Daily Activity

Behaviour ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Bovet
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Apodemus Sylvaticus ◽  
Individual Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Simultaneous Activity

AbstractA group of three or four long-tailed field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) living in a large terrarium was observed for three consecutive months. A comparative analysis of their social behavior and temporal distribution of activity shows that there was a simple direct correlation between the number of encounters and the amount of time two or more mice spent together at the surface of the terrarium. It also shows an alternation of social and asocial periods, each of those lasting one or several weeks. In a social period, encounters were frequent, the mice spent much time together and were rarely seen to be active alone. The individual activity patterns were concordant, which contributed to the high amounts of simultaneous activity and of encounters. But in an asocial period, encounters were scarce, little time was spent together and solitary mice were often seen; the socially top ranking animal restricted its activity to certain times of the day and the three other mice to other times of the day, which contributed to the low amount of simultaneous activity and to the low frequency of encounters.

scholarly journals Optic fissure margin morphogenesis sets the stage for consecutive optic fissure fusion, pioneered by a distinct subset of margin cells using a hyaloid vessel as scaffold

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska Eckert ◽  
Lucas Schütz ◽  
Joachim Wittbrodt ◽  
Stephan Heermann
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Optic Stalk ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Optic Cup ◽  
Seamless Connection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Frequent Reason ◽  
Hyaloid Vessel

AbstractThe optic fissure is a transient gap in the developing optic cup of vertebrates. Persisting optic fissures, coloboma, are a frequent reason for blindness in children. Although many genes have been linked to coloboma, it has remained unclear how the two bi-layered epithelia comprising the optic fissure margins are fusing to form a continuous neuroretina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) respectively. Besides, highly variable morphologies of coloboma phenotypes strongly argue for a diverse set of underlying pathomechanisms.Here we investigated the contribution of the individual cell types with 4D in vivo time-lapse analyses using zebrafish (Danio rerio). This allowed defining the respective roles of the participating tissues and cell populations and their activities during fissure morphogenesis, contact formation between the margins as well as during fusion.We show that optic fissure closure is initiated by a bilateral tissue flow partially in continuation of the dynamic optic cup morphogenesis but additionally including a tissue flow from the optic stalk. This process is followed by the setup of specific fissure margins by a distinct cell population translocating from of the optic stalk. The morphological fusion is triggered by in an EMT-like disassembly of the fissure margin driven by bi-potential pioneer cells that ultimately take the fate of both, neuroretina and RPE respectively. The consecutive fusion and re-epithelialization transforms the two initially separated epithelial bilayers into the two continuous layers of neuroretina and RPE. The processes described here in detail represents a fundamental mechanism of the seamless connection of adjacent multilayered epithelia and is highly reminiscent of other fusion processes, like palatal shelf fusion with key relevance for development and growth.

scholarly journals An evolutionarily significant unicellular strategy in response to starvation stress in Dictyostelium social amoebae

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Dubravcic ◽  
Minus van Baalen ◽  
Clément Nizak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Multicellular Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Social Amoebae

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is widely studied for its multicellular development program as a response to starvation and constitutes a model of choice in microbial cooperation studies. Aggregates of up to 106 cells form fruiting bodies containing two cell types: (i) dormant spores (~80%) that can persist for months in the absence of nutrients, and (ii) dead stalk cells (~20%) that promote the dispersion of the spores towards nutrient-rich areas.It is often overlooked that not all cells aggregate upon starvation. Using a new quantitative approach based on time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and a low ratio of reporting cells, we have quantified this fraction of non-aggregating cells. In realistic starvation conditions, up to 15% of cells do not aggregate, which makes this third cell fate a significant component of the population-level response of social amoebae to starvation. Non-aggregating cells have an advantage over cells in aggregates since they resume growth earlier upon arrival of new nutrients, but have a shorter lifespan under prolonged starvation. We find that phenotypic heterogeneities linked to cell nutritional state bias the representation of cells in the aggregating vs. non-aggregating fractions, and thus regulate population partitioning. Next, we report that the fraction of non-aggregating cells depends on genetic factors that regulate the timing of starvation, signal sensing efficiency and aggregation efficiency. In addition, interactions between clones in mixtures of non-isogenic cells affect the partitioning of each clone into both fractions. We further test the evolutionary significance of the non-aggregating cell fraction. The partitioning of cells into aggregating and non-aggregating fractions is optimal in fluctuating environments with an unpredictable duration of starvation periods. D. discoideum thus constitutes a model system lying at the intersection of microbial cooperation and bet hedging, defining a new frontier in microbiology and evolution studies

Observations on the sorting-out of embryonic cells in monolayer culture

1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-403
Author(s):  
M.S. Steinberg ◽  
D.R. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Monolayer Culture ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Contact Inhibition ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Embryo Cells ◽  
Embryonic Limb

Two problems are raised concerning the movement of cells during tissue-specific sorting-out of chick embryo cells in mixed aggregates. (i) A possible expectation from the hypothesis of ‘contact inhibition’ is that cells which are entirely surrounded by other cells in monolayer should be held stationary. Cells within solid aggregates, being totally surrounded by others, might also not be expected to move. How is it then that cell movement takes place within solid aggregates during sorting-out? (ii) Are the movements of cells within sorting aggregates ‘passive’, being driven by adhesive differentials or ‘active’, being merely guided by such differentials? In order to study these questions, sorting out experiments with chick embryonic limb bud mesenchyme and liver cells were carried out in monolayer culture, permitting direct observation of cell movements. Cell behavior was observed by time-lapse cinematography. Sorting-out of these cells in monolayer began before and continued after the cells had spread to confluency. During sorting, liver cells showed ruffing activity even when they appeared to be totally surrounded by other cells. Both cell types showed contact inhibition as judged by the criterion of monolayering, for they did not move over each other but remained attached to the substratum. Yet the cells in the confluent monolayer were not immobilized. Because of this, we suggest that the observed restraint against overlapping did not result from an inhibition of movement. Several considerations, detailed in the text, suggest that cell movement during sorting-out involve active locomotion. Previous work suggest that sorting-out configurations are determined by the relative intensities of intercellular adhesive strengths, the more cohesive of 2 cell populations tending to adopt the internal position. While limb bud cells form internal islands surrounded by liver cells in solid aggregates, the reverse was found to be the case in these monolayers. This suggests that, in the monolayer, limb bud cohesiveness is depressed relative to liver cell cohesiveness. This is consistent with the observation that the limb bud cells flattened themselves markedly against the substratum, significantly decreasing their area of mutual apposition.

scholarly journals The Social Lives of Free-Ranging Cats

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Kristyn R. Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interaction Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Free Ranging

Despite the diversity of social situations in which cats live, the degree to which free-ranging cats (FRCs) are social is still debated. The aim of this review is to explore the literature on the social behavior of FRCs. A search of two major databases revealed that observations of intraspecies and interspecies social interactions have been conducted. The intraspecific social dynamics of FRCs differ based on group of cats surveyed. Some groups display strong social bonds and preferential affiliations, while other groups are more loosely associated and display little to no social interaction. Factors impacting FRC conspecific interactions include cat body size, cat social rank, cat individuality, cat age, relationship to conspecific (kin/familiar), cat sex, level of human caretaking, presence of food, the health of the individual, or sexual status of conspecifics. Interspecies interactions also occur with humans and wildlife. The human’s sex and the weather conditions on the day of interaction have been shown to impact FRC social behavior. Interactions with wildlife were strongly linked to the timing of cat feeding events. These findings support the idea that FRCs are “social generalists” who display flexibility in their social behavior. The social lives of FRCs exist, are complex, and deserve further study.

Liberté d'opinion et limite normative dans une représentation sociale: le développement de l'intelligence 1Ce texte reprend l'essentiel d'un exposé présenté en juin 1998 à la Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education de Genève, à l'occasion de la collation du Doctorat Honoris Causa de l'Université de Genève à l'auteur.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Flament
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual

This paper is concerned by a possible articulation between the diversity of individual opinions and the existence of consensus in social representations. It postulates the existence of consensual normative boundaries framing the individual opinions. A study by questionnaire about the social representations of the development of intelligence gives support to this notion.

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