The Role of Selectivity Bias in Estimates of the Rate of Return to Schooling: The Case of Married Women in Venezuela

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos M. Falaris
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Selectivity Bias ◽  
Return To Schooling

Education, Earnings, and Returns to Schooling in Tunisia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imed Limam ◽  
Abdelwahab Ben Hafaiedh
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
Early Life Conditions ◽  
Low Exposure ◽  
Main Determinants

This chapter aims at identifying the main determinants of earnings and at estimating the private returns to education in Tunisia. The private rate of return to schooling is relatively low by international standards, especially for basic education. It is argued that in addition to the limited capacity of the economy to create high-productivity jobs, institutional factors may explain the low and heterogeneous returns to education in Tunisia. The returns to schooling are found to increase with the level of education. Regional disparities in earnings and returns to higher education may be explained by the lack of economic opportunities and low exposure to market forces in many inland regions, and also by differentiated early-life conditions as well as inequality of opportunity in access to quality education. These results are used to suggest directions to strengthen the role of public policies in reducing inequality of opportunities in both schooling and earnings.

scholarly journals Role of husband’s attitude towards the usage of contraceptives for unmet need of family planning among married women of reproductive age in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farhan Asif ◽  
Zahid Pervaiz ◽  
Jawad Rahim Afridi ◽  
Ghulam Abid ◽  
Zohra S. Lassi
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Family Planning Programs ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Family planning services deliver a wide range of benefits to the well-being of females and the community. It can curtail the risk of maternal and neonatal mortality through the reduction in abortions and pregnancies. The government of Pakistan has been struggling to convince people about the usefulness of family planning programs. However, different factors related to social norms, values, and culture are important to determine the success of these programs. One such factor is the patriarchal structure of Pakistani society where most of the household decisions are made by men. The objective of this research is to examine the role of the husband’s attitude towards the usage of contraceptives for the unmet need of family planning (UMNFP) among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in Pakistan. Method The dataset of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 is utilized to examine the role of the husband’s attitude towards the usage of contraceptives in UMNFP among MWRA in Pakistan. Results The UMNFP was considerably lower among MWRA between 40 years and above compared to women 15–19 years. The odds of UMNFP were higher among women and men who were educated up to the primary level compared to those with no education. Odds of UMNFP were higher among women from the poor wealth quintile compared to the poorest wealth quintile; similarly, it was significantly lower among women who were from the richer and the richest wealth quintile compared to the poorest wealth quintile. The odds of UMNFP were lower among women who were employed compared to those who were not employed. Lastly, the odds of UMNFP were higher among women whose husbands opposed to using contraceptives, who perceived that there was a religious prohibition for such use and when a decision on the contraception use was solely made by the husband. Conclusions Husband’s attitude towards the usage of contraceptives is an important predictor of UMNFP. Liaising with the community and religious leaders to persuade people particularly men about the usefulness of family planning programs and encouraging men to understand their women’s say in using contraceptives should be encouraged.

Property investment: gearing and the equity rate of return

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick French
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Equity Returns ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bank Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comment upon the relatively straightforward but often misunderstood role of gearing (or leverage) on the potential equity return of a property investment. Design/methodology/approach This education briefing is an explanation of the upside and downside risk of borrowing (at different levels) to successful investment. Findings The use of gearing can greatly enhance equity returns but at an increased risk. Practical implications The process of borrowing at a bank rate below the return rate on an investment project can increase the equity return of the project as long as all incomes and discount rate remain at appropriate levels. Originality/value This is a review of existing models.

scholarly journals On the financial sustainability of earnings-related pension schemes with ‘pay-as-you-go’ financing and the role of government-indexed bonds

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. ROBALINO ◽  
ANDRÁS BODOR
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

AbstractIn this paper we reconsider the idea of an earnings-related pension system with reserves invested in indexed government bonds as a mechanism to both ensure financial sustainability and improve security. The paper starts by reviewing the characterization of the sustainable rate of return of an earnings-related pension system with pay-as-you-go financing. We show that current proxies for the sustainable rate, including the Swedish ‘gyroscope’, are not stable and propose an alternative measure that depends on the growth of the buffer-stock and the pay-as-you-go asset. Using a simple one-sector macroeconomic model that embeds a notional account pension system we then show how GDP-indexed government bonds, if combined with the right measure for the sustainable rate of return on contributions, could be used to generate a sustainable and secure earnings-related pension system, without becoming a fiscal burden. The proposal is particularly attractive for countries considering reforms to earnings-related systems that have accumulated a large implicit pension debt. In this case, the government bonds allow the financing of this debt in a transparent way. The proposed mechanism can also facilitate the transition to a fully funded pension system when the government bonds are allowed to be traded.

The role of marital status, literacy, and urbanity in suicidal behavior by burns in the province of Khorasan, Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 570-570
Author(s):  
R. Alaghehbandan ◽  
A. Rastegar Lari ◽  
M.-T. Joghataei
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Married Women ◽  
High Rate ◽  
A Prospective Study

A prospective study of all suicidal behaviors by burns requiring hospitalization was conducted in the province of Khorasan, Iran, from March 21, 2005 to March 20, 2006, to examine marital status, urbanity and literacy among these patients. Data were obtained through interviews during the course of hospitalization. A total of 130 patients with suicidal behavior by burns were identified (incidence rate of 2.9 per 100,000). Females had a higher rate of suicidal behavior by burns than males (4.2 vs. 1.6 per 100,000, P < 0.001). The rate of suicidal behavior by burns was higher among single persons than married persons(4.3 vs. 3.5 per 100,000). The rate of suicidal behavior by burns among the rural population was slightly higher than the urban population (3.2 vs. 2.7 per 100,000). The high rate of suicidal behavior by burns among young, married women in Khorasan is a social tragedy.

The Rate of Return to Schooling and the Increase in Human Resources in Puerto Rico

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Carnoy
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Return To Schooling

scholarly journals Risk, the required rate of return, and aspects of South African management practice

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
S. Paulo ◽  
J. K. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
South African ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Risk Premia ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Empirical Survey

The pivotal role of the required rate of return to all financial decisions is well documented in the financial literature. However, many misconceptions exist with regard to the specification of the components of the required rate of return. In order to learn more about the possible components of the required rate of return, particularly the different risk premia, empirical information on the determination and use of the required rate of return by South African financial managers was obtained. From the findings of the empirical survey it was evident that the required rate of return is adjusted for a variety of risks. This enables the inference to be drawn that risk adjusted discount rates are being used when taking financial decisions. Further, it is evident that sensitivity analysis and judgemental approaches are used when adjustments are made to the required rate of return.

The Rate of Return to Schooling and the Business Cycle: Additional Estimates

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Kniesner ◽  
Arthur Padilla ◽  
Solomon W. Polachek
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Return To Schooling ◽  
The Business Cycle
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