Effects of Selection for Mass-Independent Maximal Metabolic Rate on Food Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Downs ◽  
Jessi L. Brown ◽  
Bernard W. M. Wone ◽  
Edward R. Donovan ◽  
Jack P. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Selection For

Speeding up Growth: Selection for Mass-Independent Maximal Metabolic Rate Alters Growth Rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Downs ◽  
Jessi L. Brown ◽  
Bernard W. M. Wone ◽  
Edward R. Donovan ◽  
Jack P. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Selection ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals FOOD CONSUMPTION, FEED EFFICIENCY, METABOLIC RATE AND UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE IN LINES OF TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM SELECTED FOR 21-DAY PUPA WEIGHT

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F Medrano ◽  
G A E Gall
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Selection For

ABSTRACT Food consumption, feed efficiency, metabolic rate and glucose utilization were studied throughout development in one control (1C) and three selected lines (3, 9, 10) of Tribolium castaneum that had been subjected to long term selection for 21-day pupae weight. Growth rate, body composition, cellular growth and the activity of four dehydrogenase enzymes in the same lines have been reported (Medrano and Gall 1976).—Larva of selected lines consumed 1.2 times as much food as the control and gained an average of 2.9 times as much weight. The rapid growth of the selected lines was associated with a gross feed efficiency 20 to 30% above that for the control line. There was also a small but consistent improvement in the conversion of digested food. Average digestibility was higher for selected lines.—There was little apparent differentiation between the control and selected lines in metabolic rate/individual, but the rate measured on a per-unit weight basis was two- to three-fold greater for the control during the active growth stages. Respiratory quotients (R.Q.) of 1.0, indicative of carbohydrate oxidation, were observed through larval growth in all lines. Pupae at 21 days showed R.Q. values greater than 1.0, which were interpreted as resulting from a phenomenon in insects in which CO2 is released by pupae, in large bursts at irregular intervals. The rate constant of glucose oxidation, measured as the rate of C14 labelled CO2 respired during 2- to 6-hour incubation periods, was two- to three-fold higher in the control. In addition, the control line larvae expired 5% to 17% more of the ingested C14 as CO2. It was apparent that control line individuals maintained a much more active turnover of metabolites but without an effective retention of carbon as body substances. The results are discussed in support of the hypothesis that selection for large body size resulted in improved control mechanisms that influence the biological efficiency of growth in Tribolium.

Metabolic correlates of selection for swim stress-induced analgesia in laboratory mice

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. R337-R343 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Konarzewski ◽  
B. Sadowski ◽  
I. Jozwik
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Swim Stress ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Selection Agent

The upper limits of metabolic rates and the links between maximal and resting metabolic rates in vertebrates have recently received a lot of attention, mainly due to their possible relationship to the evolution of endothermy. We measured peak metabolic rates during 3 min swimming in 20 degrees C water (Vo2swim), maximal metabolic rate (Vo2max) in -2.5 degrees C Helox, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in two lines of mice selected for high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia (SSIA). We found that exercise combined with heat loss used for producing SSIA also acted as a selection agent, resulting in a 15% HA/LA line difference in Vo2swim. Core body temperature of HA mice (characterized by lower Vo2swim) was also on average 3.2 degrees C lower than that of LA mice. Furthermore, Vo2max of HA mice was lower than that of LA mice by 8% and accompanied by larger hypothermia. Thus mice with exceptionally high (or low) Vo2max tended to have exceptionally high (or low) Vo2swim, resulting in a positive correlation between Vo2swim and Vo2max. All these suggest that selection for SSIA produced genetically correlated responses in both Vo2swim and Vo2max. However, we did not observe HA/LA differences in BMR. Hence, changes in resting and maximum metabolic rates are not necessarily correlated. We hypothesize that the lack of such a correlation was partially due to the modulation of metabolic responses by SSIA.

scholarly journals Selection for increased mass-independent maximal metabolic rate suppresses innate but not adaptive immune function

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1754) ◽  
pp. 20122636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Downs ◽  
Jessi L. Brown ◽  
Bernard Wone ◽  
Edward R. Donovan ◽  
Kenneth Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Selection For

Both appropriate metabolic rates and sufficient immune function are essential for survival. Consequently, eco-immunologists have hypothesized that animals may experience trade-offs between metabolic rates and immune function. Previous work has focused on how basal metabolic rate (BMR) may trade-off with immune function, but maximal metabolic rate (MMR), the upper limit to aerobic activity, might also trade-off with immune function. We used mice artificially selected for high mass-independent MMR to test for trade-offs with immune function. We assessed (i) innate immune function by quantifying cytokine production in response to injection with lipopolysaccharide and (ii) adaptive immune function by measuring antibody production in response to injection with keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Selection for high mass-independent MMR suppressed innate immune function, but not adaptive immune function. However, analyses at the individual level also indicate a negative correlation between MMR and adaptive immune function. By contrast BMR did not affect immune function. Evolutionarily, natural selection may favour increasing MMR to enhance aerobic performance and endurance, but the benefits of high MMR may be offset by impaired immune function. This result could be important in understanding the selective factors acting on the evolution of metabolic rates.

Mass‐independent maximal metabolic rate predicts geographic range size of placental mammals

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1202
Author(s):  
Jack P. Hayes ◽  
Chris R. Feldman ◽  
Miguel B. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Range Size ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate

Issues arising from genetic selection for growth and body composition characteristics in poultry and pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Rate Selection ◽  
Composition Characteristics

AbstractBreeders of poultry and pigs have selected for some combination of increased growth rate, decreased fatness and increased muscularity. Increasingly various fitness traits are included in the index used. The consequences of such selection include complex effects on nutritional and environmental requirements, at least some of which are reliably predictable using suitable models. Appropriate changes to the environment and to nutrition as selection proceeds will help to avoid unwanted effects occurring. Among the predictable effects are that higher ratios of nutrients to energy, and lower temperatures, will be needed by the improved genotypes. Selection for growth rate must eventually exhaust the capacity of the support systems – digestive, respiratory, circulatory and excretory – to cope with the increased metabolic rate. Selection for increased yield of valuable parts will cause these problems to occur earlier. While it is possible to predict that these problems will occur it cannot be predicted when they will. Breeders need to be aware of these problems, and use all possible routes to help them in reducing their severity. Where the appropriate actions for fitness selection, and nutritional and environmental modifications, are taken the occurrence of the problems will be delayed.

Bioenergetics and stellar luminosities

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-212
Author(s):  
C Sivaram ◽  
K Arun ◽  
O V Kiren
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Unit Mass ◽  
Infrared Galaxies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Luminous Infrared Galaxies ◽  
Maximal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Luminous Objects ◽  
The Universe

AbstractWe draw attention to a curious coincidence wherein the most (steadily emitting) luminous objects in the Universe from stellar X-ray sources to ultra-luminous quasars and Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxies, steadily emit a power per unit mass, which is just the same value as the maximal metabolic rate in (warm-blooded) bio-organisms.

Daily cycles in body temperature, metabolic rate, and substrate utilization in pigeons: influence of amount and timing of food consumption

1995 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Rashotte ◽  
Patrick S. Basco ◽  
Ross P. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Daily Cycles

scholarly journals Approaches for testing hypotheses for the hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolic rate in animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. R879-R894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons

Hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolism [larger organisms have lower mass-specific metabolic rates (MR/g)] is nearly universal for interspecific comparisons among animals, yet we lack an agreed upon explanation for this pattern. If physiological constraints on the function of larger animals occur and limit MR/g, these should be observable as direct constraints on animals of extant species and/or as evolved responses to compensate for the proposed constraint. There is evidence for direct constraints and compensatory responses to O2 supply constraint in skin-breathing animals, but not in vertebrates with gas-exchange organs. The duration of food retention in the gut is longer for larger birds and mammals, consistent with a direct constraint on nutrient uptake across the gut wall, but there is little evidence for evolving compensatory responses to gut transport constraints in larger animals. Larger placental mammals (but not marsupials or birds) show evidence of greater challenges with heat dissipation, but there is little evidence for compensatory adaptations to enhance heat loss in larger endotherms, suggesting that metabolic rate (MR) more generally balances heat loss for thermoregulation in endotherms. Size-dependent patterns in many molecular, physiological, and morphological properties are consistent with size-dependent natural selection, such as stronger selection for neurolocomotor performance and growth rate in smaller animals and stronger selection for safety and longevity in larger animals. Hypometric scaling of MR very likely arises from different mechanisms in different taxa and conditions, consistent with the diversity of scaling slopes for MR.

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