Validation of ambulatory monitoring devices to measure energy expenditure and heart rate in a military setting

Abstract Wearable monitoring devices are an innovative way to measure heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), however, there is still debate about the validity of these wearables. This study aimed to validate the accuracy and predictive value of the Empatica E4 wristband against the VU University Ambulatory Monitoring System (VU-AMS) in a clinical population of traumatized adolescents in residential care. A sample of 345 recordings of both the Empatica E4 wristband and the VU-AMS was derived from a feasibility study that included fifteen participants. They wore both devices during two experimental testing and twelve intervention sessions. We used correlations, cross-correlations, Mann-Whitney tests, difference factors, Bland-Altman plots, and Limits of Agreement to evaluate differences in outcomes between devices. Significant correlations were found between Empatica E4 and VU-AMS recordings for HR, SDNN, RMSSD, and HF recordings. There was a significant difference between the devices for all parameters but HR, although effect sizes were small for SDNN, LF, and HF. For all parameters but RMSSD, testing outcomes of the two devices led to the same conclusions regarding significance. The Empatica E4 wristband provides a new opportunity to measure HRV in an unobtrusive way. Results of this study indicate the potential of the Empatica E4 as a practical and valid tool for research on HR and HRV under non-movement conditions. While more research needs to be conducted, this study could be considered as a first step to support the use of HRV recordings provided by wearables.

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Diurnal Blood Pressure Variation in Quadriplegic Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0800271 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 271-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Henry Krum ◽

William J. Louis ◽

Douglas J. Brown ◽

Graham P. Jackman ◽

Laurence G. Howes

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Spinal Cord ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Spinal Cord Injury ◽

Ambulatory Monitoring ◽

Pressure Variation ◽

Night Time ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Blood Pressure Variation ◽

Neurologically Intact

1. Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate over a 24 h period was peformed in 10 quadriplegic spinal cord injury patients and 10 immobilized, neurologically intact orthopaedic subjects by using the Spacelabs 90207 automated ambulatory monitoring system. 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell significantly at night in orthopaedic subjects but not in quadriplegic patients, and night-time blood pressures were similar in both groups. 3. Cumulative summation of differences from a reference value (cusum analysis) confirmed a markedly diminished diurnal blood pressure variation in the quadriplegic patients. 4. These findings could not be accounted for on the basis of blood pressure variations during chronic postural change. 5. Heart rate fell significantly at night in both groups. 6. The findings suggest that the increase in blood pressure during waking hours in neurologically intact subjects is a consequence of a diurnal variation in sympathetic activity (absent in quadriplegic patients with sympathetic decentralization) which is independent of changes in physical activity.

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Ambient temperature effects on physiological traits of white-tailed deer

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z75-082 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 679-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. B. Holter ◽

W. E. Urban Jr. ◽

H. H. Hayes ◽

H. Silver ◽

H. R. Skutt

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Wind Chill ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Energy Equilibrium ◽

Body Energy

Six adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) were exposed to 165 periods of 12 consecutive hours of controlled constant ambient temperature in an indirect respiration calorimeter. Temperatures among periods varied from 38 to 0 (summer) or to −20C (fall, winter, spring). Traits measured were energy expenditure (metabolic rate), proportion of time spent standing, heart rate, and body temperature, the latter two using telemetry. The deer used body posture extensively as a means of maintaining body energy equilibrium. Energy expenditure was increased at low ambient temperature to combat cold and to maintain relatively constant body temperature. Changes in heart rate paralleled changes in energy expenditure. In a limited number of comparisons, slight wind chill was combatted through behavioral means with no effect on energy expenditure. The reaction of deer to varying ambient temperatures was not the same in all seasons of the year.

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Energy Expenditure in Playground Games in Primary School Children Measured by Accelerometer and Heart Rate Monitors

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0122 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 467-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jorge Cañete García-Prieto ◽

Vicente Martinez-Vizcaino ◽

Antonio García-Hermoso ◽

Mairena Sánchez-López ◽

Natalia Arias-Palencia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Primary School ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

School Children ◽

Indirect Calorimetry ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Heart Rate Monitors

The aim of this study was to examine the energy expenditure (EE) measured using indirect calorimetry (IC) during playground games and to assess the validity of heart rate (HR) and accelerometry counts as indirect indicators of EE in children´s physical activity games. 32 primary school children (9.9 ± 0.6 years old, 19.8 ± 4.9 kg · m-2 BMI and 37.6 ± 7.2 ml · kg-1 · min-1 VO2max). Indirect calorimetry (IC), accelerometry and HR data were simultaneously collected for each child during a 90 min session of 30 playground games. Thirty-eight sessions were recorded in 32 different children. Each game was recorded at least in three occasions in other three children. The intersubject coefficient of variation within a game was 27% for IC, 37% for accelerometry and 13% for HR. The overall mean EE in the games was 4.2 ± 1.4 kcals · min-1 per game, totaling to 375 ± 122 kcals/per 90 min/session. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and accelerometer counts was 0.48 (p = .026) for endurance games and 0.21 (p = .574) for strength games. The correlation coefficient between indirect calorimetry and HR was 0.71 (p = .032) for endurance games and 0.48 (p = .026) for strength games. Our data indicate that both accelerometer and HR monitors are useful devices for estimating EE during endurance games, but only HR monitors estimates are accurate for endurance games.

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Improved estimation of energy expenditure by artificial neural network modeling

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h08-117 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 1213-1222 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dean Charles Hay ◽

Akinobu Wakayama ◽

Ken Sakamura ◽

Senshi Fukashiro

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Network Modeling ◽

Neural Network Modeling ◽

Validation Data ◽

Artificial Neural Network Modeling ◽

Feed Forward Back Propagation ◽

Artificial Neural

Estimation of energy expenditure in daily living conditions can be a tool for clinical assessment of health status, as well as a self-measure of lifestyle and general activity levels. Criterion measures are either prohibitively expensive or restricted to laboratory settings. Portable devices (heart rate monitors, pedometers) have gained recent popularity, but accuracy of the prediction equations remains questionable. This study applied an artificial neural network modeling approach to the problem of estimating energy expenditure with different dynamic inputs (accelerometry, heart rate above resting (HRar), and electromyography (EMG)). Nine feed-forward back-propagation models were trained, with the goal of minimizing the mean squared error (MSE) of the training datasets. Model 1 (accelerometry only) and model 2 (HRar only) performed poorly and had significantly greater MSE than all other models (p < 0.001). Model 3 (combined accelerometry and HRar) had overall performance similar to EMG models. Validation of all models was performed by simulating untrained datasets. MSE of all models increased when tested with validation data. While models 1 and 2 again performed poorly, model 3 MSE was lower than all but 2 EMG models. Squared correlation coefficients of measured and predicted energy expenditure for models 3 to 9 ranged from 0.745 to 0.817. Analysis of mean error within specific movement categories indicates that EMG models may be better at predicting higher-intensity energy expenditure, but combined accelerometry and HRar provides an economical solution, with sufficient accuracy.

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An original piecewise model for computing energy expenditure from accelerometer and heart rate signals

Physiological Measurement ◽

10.1088/1361-6579/aa7cdf ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 1599-1615 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hector M Romero-Ugalde ◽

M Garnotel ◽

M Doron ◽

P Jallon ◽

G Charpentier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Piecewise Model

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Effect of season on thermoregulatory responses and energy expenditure of goats on semi-arid range in India

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859602002228 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 139 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. K. SHINDE ◽

RAGHAVENDRA BHATTA ◽

S. K. SANKHYAN ◽

D. L. VERMA

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Face Mask ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Mean ◽

Semi Arid

A study of the physiological responses and energy expenditure of goats was carried out from June 1999 to May 2000 by conducting two experiments: one on bucks maintained on stall feeding in autumn 1999 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on native ranges over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure (EE) measurements of housed and grazing goats were recorded at 06.00 h and 14.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Goats were fixed with a face mask and meteorological balloon for collection of expired air and measurement of EE. Respiration rate (RR) at 06.00 h was similar in all seasons (14 respiration/min) except in the monsoon, where a significantly (P<0.05) higher value (26 respiration/min) was recorded. At 14.00 h, RR was higher in monsoon and summer (81 and 91 respiration/min) than in winter (52 respiration/min). Irrespective of the season, heart rate (HR) was higher at 14.00 h (86 beat/min) than at 06.00 h (64 beat/min). The rise of rectal temperature (RT) from morning (06.00 h) to peak daily temperature (14.00 h) was 0.9 °C in housed goats in autumn and 1.0, 2.1 and 2.0 °C in grazing goats during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. The mean value was 1.7 °C. Skin temperature (ST) was lowest in winter (30.1 °C) and highest at 14.00 h in summer (40.3 °C). Energy expenditure of goats at 06.00 h was 32.7 W in winter and significantly (P<0.05) increased to 52.0 W in summer and 107.8 W in monsoon. At 14.00 h, EE was 140.2 W in winter and increased to 389.0 W and 391.3 W respectively in monsoon and summer. It is concluded that monsoon and summer are both stressful seasons in semi-arid regions. Animals should be protected from direct solar radiation during the hottest hours of the day to ameliorate the effect of heat stress.

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Physiological responses and energy expenditure during competitive fencing

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2013-0221 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 324-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Raffaele Milia ◽

Silvana Roberto ◽

Marco Pinna ◽

Girolamo Palazzolo ◽

Irene Sanna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Carbon Dioxide Production ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Average Group ◽

Aerobic Energy Metabolism ◽

Olympic Sport ◽

Energetic Expenditure

Fencing is an Olympic sport in which athletes fight one against one using bladed weapons. Contests consist of three 3-min bouts, with rest intervals of 1 min between them. No studies investigating oxygen uptake and energetic demand during fencing competitions exist, thus energetic expenditure and demand in this sport remain speculative. The aim of this study was to understand the physiological capacities underlying fencing performance. Aerobic energy expenditure and the recruitment of lactic anaerobic metabolism were determined in 15 athletes (2 females and 13 males) during a simulation of fencing by using a portable gas analyzer (MedGraphics VO2000), which was able to provide data on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production and heart rate. Blood lactate was assessed by means of a portable lactate analyzer. Average group energetic expenditure during the simulation was (mean ± SD) 10.24 ± 0.65 kcal·min−1, corresponding to 8.6 ± 0.54 METs. Oxygen uptakeand heart rate were always below the level of anaerobic threshold previously assessed during the preliminary incremental test, while blood lactate reached its maximum value of 6.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L−1 during the final recovery minute between rounds. Present data suggest that physical demand in fencing is moderate for skilled fencers and that both aerobic energy metabolism and anaerobic lactic energy sources are moderately recruited. This should be considered by coaches when preparing training programs for athletes.

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Energy expenditure by elite midget male ice hockey players in small-sided games

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954117718075 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 504-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charles-Mathieu Lachaume ◽

François Trudeau ◽

Jean Lemoyne

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Training Method ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Treadmill Testing ◽

Effective Training ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure and heart rate responses elicited in elite male midget ice hockey players during small-sided games. Nine players (aged 15.89 ± 0.33 years) participated in the study. Maximal progressive treadmill testing in the laboratory measured the relationship of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) to heart rate before on-ice assessments of heart rate during six different small-sided games: 1v1, 2v2, 2v2 with support player, 3v3 with support player, 3v3 with transitions, and 4v4 with two support players. Heart rate was recorded continuously in each game. 3v3 T small-sided game was the most intense for all four intensity markers. All six small-sided games reached 89% HRmax or more with heart rate peaks in active effort repetition. These findings demonstrate that such small-sided games are considered as high intensity games and are an effective training method for ice hockey players.

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Wrist-Worn Devices for the Measurement of Heart Rate and Energy Expenditure: A Validation Study for the Apple Watch 6, Polar Vantage V and Fitbit Sense

European Journal of Sport Science ◽

10.1080/17461391.2021.2023656 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-36

Author(s):

Guy Hajj-Boutros ◽

Marie-Anne Landry-Duval ◽

Alain Steve Comtois ◽

Gilles Gouspillou ◽

Antony D. Karelis

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Validation Study

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