Effects of displacement current on wave dispersion relation and polarization properties in auroral plasmas

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Liang Xiang ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
Qiu-Huan Li ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Hong-Wei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Relation ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
Magnetic Helicity ◽  
Displacement Current ◽  
Wave Energy Dissipation ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Fluid Theory ◽  
Particle Energization

Abstract In-situ observations from the FREJA magnetospheric research satellite and the Fast Auroral SnapshoT satellite have shown that plasma waves are frequently observed in the auroral plasma, which are believed to be fundamentally important in wave energy dissipation and particle energization. However, the effects of a displacement current on these waves have not been examined. Based on the two-fluid theory, we investigate the dispersion relation and polarization properties of fast, Alfvén, and slow modes in the presence of a displacement current, and the effects of the displacement current on these waves are also considered. The results show that the wave frequency, polarization, magnetic helicity and other properties for the fast and Alfvén modes are highly sensitive to the normalized Alfvén velocity vA /c, plasma beta β, and propagation angle θ, while for the slow mode the dependence is minor. In particular, for both fast and Alfvén modes, the magnetic helicity is obviously different with and without the displacement current, especially for the Alfvén mode with the helicity reversals from right-handed to left-handed when vA /c increases from 0 to 0.3. The charge-neutral condition of both fast and Alfvén modes with frequencies larger than the proton cyclotron frequency is invalid in the presence of the displacement current. Moreover, the presence of the displacement current leads to relatively large magnetic compressibility for the Alfvén mode and relatively large electron compressibility for the fast mode. These results can be useful for a comprehensive understanding of the wave properties and the physics of particle energization phenomena in auroral plasmas.

scholarly journals Spatial expression pattern of serine proteases in the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni determined by fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Ulrychová ◽  
Pavel Ostašov ◽  
Marta Chanová ◽  
Michael Mareš ◽  
Martin Horn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract Background The blood flukes of genus Schistosoma are the causative agent of schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease that infects more than 200 million people worldwide. Proteases of schistosomes are involved in critical steps of host–parasite interactions and are promising therapeutic targets. We recently identified and characterized a group of S1 family Schistosoma mansoni serine proteases, including SmSP1 to SmSP5. Expression levels of some SmSPs in S. mansoni are low, and by standard genome sequencing technologies they are marginally detectable at the method threshold levels. Here, we report their spatial gene expression patterns in adult S. mansoni by the high-sensitivity localization assay. Methodology Highly sensitive fluorescence in situ RNA hybridization (FISH) was modified and used for the localization of mRNAs encoding individual SmSP proteases (including low-expressed SmSPs) in tissues of adult worms. High sensitivity was obtained due to specifically prepared tissue and probes in combination with the employment of a signal amplification approach. The assay method was validated by detecting the expression patterns of a set of relevant reference genes including SmCB1, SmPOP, SmTSP-2, and Sm29 with localization formerly determined by other techniques. Results FISH analysis revealed interesting expression patterns of SmSPs distributed in multiple tissues of S. mansoni adults. The expression patterns of individual SmSPs were distinct but in part overlapping and were consistent with existing transcriptome sequencing data. The exception were genes with significantly low expression, which were also localized in tissues where they had not previously been detected by RNA sequencing methods. In general, SmSPs were found in various tissues including reproductive organs, parenchymal cells, esophagus, and the tegumental surface. Conclusions The FISH-based assay provided spatial information about the expression of five SmSPs in adult S. mansoni females and males. This highly sensitive method allowed visualization of low-abundantly expressed genes that are below the detection limits of standard in situ hybridization or by RNA sequencing. Thus, this technical approach turned out to be suitable for sensitive localization studies and may also be applicable for other trematodes. The results suggest that SmSPs may play roles in diverse processes of the parasite. Certain SmSPs expressed at the surface may be involved in host–parasite interactions. Graphic abstract

Surface Wave Dispersion Imaging Using Improved τ-p Transform Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 1196-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Qi Lu ◽  
Shan You Li ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Wave ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Dispersion Curve ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Surface Wave Dispersion ◽  
Narrow Frequency Range ◽  
Channel Analysis ◽  
Rayleigh Wave Dispersion

Surface wave dispersion imaging approach is crucial for multi-channel analysis of surface wave (MASW). Because the resolution of inversed S-wave velocity and thickness of a layer are directly subjected to the resolution of imaged dispersion curve. The τ-p transform approach is an efficient and commonly used approach for Rayleigh wave dispersion curve imaging. However, the conventional τ-p transform approach was severely affected by waves amplitude. So, the energy peaks of f-v spectrum were mainly gathered in a narrow frequency range. In order to remedy this shortage, an improved τ-p transform approach was proposed by this paper. Comparison has been made between phase shift and improved τ-p transform approaches using both synthetic and in situ tested data. Result shows that the dispersion image transformed from proposed approach is superior to that either from conventionally τ-p transform or from phase shift approaches.

Attenuation of longitudinal electro-acoustic waves in a plasma

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
R. J. Papa ◽  
P. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Relation ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Collision Frequency ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Variable Theory ◽  
Longitudinal Waves ◽  
Confluent Hypergeometric Functions ◽  
Linearized Boltzmann Equation

There are several practical situations in partially ionized plasmas when both collisionless (Landau) damping and electron-neutral collisions contribute to the attenuation of longitudinal waves. The longitudinal-wave dispersion relation is derived from Maxwell's equations and the linearized Boltzmann equation, in which electron-neutral collisions are represented by a Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook model that conserves particles locally. (The dispersion relation predicts that, for a given signal frequency ώ), an infinite number of complex wavenumbers kn can exist. Using Fourier–Laplace transform techniques, an integral representation for the electric field of the longitudinal waves is readily derived. Then, using theorems from complex variable theory, a modal expansion of the electric field can be made in terms of an infinite sum of confluent hypergeometric functions, whose arguments are proportional to the complex wavenumbers kn. It is demonstrated numerically that the spatial integral of the square of the electric field amplitude decreases as the electron-neutral collision frequency increases. Also, the amount of energy contained in the first few (lowest) modes, and the coupling between the modes, is examined as a function of plasma frequency, signal frequency and collision frequency.

A highly sensitive chlorine gas sensor and enhanced thermal DC electrical conductivity from polypyrrole/silicon carbide nanocomposites

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (87) ◽  
pp. 84200-84208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adil Sultan ◽  
Sharique Ahmad ◽  
Faiz Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Chemical Polymerization ◽  
Dc Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Chlorine Gas

We report the synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/silicon carbide nanocomposites (PPy/SiC) and PPy/SiC/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) by in situ chemical polymerization and their application as sensors for the detection of highly toxic chlorine gas.

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