scholarly journals Scientific insights of electrochemical replacement approach to describe the origin of Pre-Columbian Peruvian gilded copper-based objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 2118 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
A Alviz-Meza ◽  
D A Chipoco Haro ◽  
M I Velarde
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Gold Film ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Electrolytic Solution ◽  
Deterioration Rate ◽  
Gold Precursor ◽  
Replacement Technique

Abstract Pre-Columbian Peruvian goldsmiths developed gilded copper-based objects by ancient techniques that require identification to propose conservation strategies. Lechtman H, conducted experiments to suggest that the electrochemical replacement was the gilding technique used by the Moche and Vicus cultural groups. Despite her remarkable achievement, the quantitative data provided by her is still open to discussion. This work focused on obtaining experimental data to recreate her protocol by introducing less gold precursor. Polished copper pieces were plated with an adherent gold film of up to 7.5 µm after immersing them into an electrolytic solution for 3 min and 6 min at 80 °C. Our results demonstrated that the electrochemical replacement technique gives rise to anodic regions in the plated objects. Further studies around the corrosion process that undergoes these heritage objects in burial and environmental conditions are suggested to determine their deterioration rate. Moreover, electroless and galvanic techniques should be explored in order to improve current approaches.

Experimental Methodologies: Two Case Studies Investigating the Syntax- Discourse Interface

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Gupton ◽  
Tania Leal Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Theoretical Syntax ◽  
Discourse Interface ◽  
L1 And L2

AbstractThe current article examines two experimental investigations of the syntaxdiscourse interface, which address theoretical questions in different ways: the first is an L1 investigation of Galician speakers in Gupton (2010) and the second is a dual investigation of L1 and L2 Spanish reported on in Leal Méndez & Slabakova (2011). These investigations gathered quantitative data via psycholinguistic tasks with accompanying audio utilizing the WebSurveyor platform. They involved counterbalanced designs and were followed by statistical analysis. While acknowledging that experimental data does not have primacy over intuitive data, the authors endorse the use of experimental methods of data elicitation (such as the ones already used in generative SLA research) in theoretical syntax in order to avoid experimenter bias and to get a more complete picture of native speaker intuition and competencies.

Dynamical Theory for Simultaneous X-Ray Diffraction

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
P. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Plane Wave ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wave Fields ◽  
X Ray

AbstractComplete dynamical solutions for three coupled plane-wave components in crystal structures with inversion symmetry have been found. After reviewing briefly the dynamical solutions for wave fields with two coupled plane-wave components, the results for the three-beam case are discussed in qualitative terms. Attention is paid to singular points and lines on the ω-surface, and to the attenuation of the mode-intensity because of absorption. The most surprising result is that in the case one of the reflections is forbidden (Umweganregung) the absorption is reduced in comparison with the adjoining two-beam cases. Experimental data are in reasonable agreement with the theory. Quantitative data are presented for a few three-beam cases of simultaneous diffraction of Cu Kα. radiation in germanium.

scholarly journals Study of the inhibitory ability of inorganic di- and polyphosphate compositions

2020 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Aktoty Niyazbekova ◽  
Timur Shakirov ◽  
Mayra Almagambetova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Inhibitory Ability ◽  
Depth Index ◽  
Corrosion Deposits ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

The article considers the anticorrosive properties of inorganic di-and polyphosphate compositions in relation to St-3 steel, depending on the pH of the medium, the nature and concentration of phosphate, and the nature of the modifier ion. The research was conducted using GOST-based methods: gravimetry, potentiometry, photocolorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of experimental data, quantitative indicators of corrosion process were determined: the rate of corrosion process, the degree of protection, the depth index, the coefficient of inhibition and the assessment of the stability of the formed film on the ball scale of corrosion resistance against steel. The analysis of experimental data allows to establish the influence of the above factors on the corrosion processes in the systems under study. The experimental data are supplemented by thermodynamic calculations of the corrosion process parameters, the results of which correlate well with the kinetic data of the process under study. In the course of the research work, the analysis of corrosion deposits was also carried out. The regularities established during the work contribute to the creation of effective di-and polyphosphate inhibitors with the highest degrees of protection.

scholarly journals Quantitative Image Format for Electron Microscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1176-1178
Author(s):  
Grigore Moldovan ◽  
Michael Zabel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Data Simulation ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Image File ◽  
File Formats ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Image Format ◽  
Calibration Parameters

AbstractExperimental data, simulation, data analysis and visualisation require image file formats that are open source and able to contain and manage quantitative data. Quantification techniques bring the new challenge of managing image calibration parameters and formulas in an open and efficient format, compatible with routine microscopy workflows. A practical approach to quantitative image format is presented and discussed here, relying on open and extensible file formats - Tagged Image File (TIF) and Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP).

scholarly journals Probabilistic Corrosion Initiation Model for Coastal Concrete Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-344
Author(s):  
Changkyu Kim ◽  
Do-Eun Choe ◽  
Pedro Castro-Borges ◽  
Homero Castaneda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Corrosion Initiation

Corrosion of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures has been affecting the major infrastructures in U.S. and in other continents, causing the recent several bridge collapses and incidents. While the theoretical understanding is well-established, the reliable prediction of the corrosion process in the RC structural systems has hardly been successful due to the inherent uncertainties existed in the electrochemical corrosion process and the associated material and environmental conditions. The paper proposes a computational framework to develop evidence-based probabilistic corrosion initiation models for the reinforcing steels in the RC structures, which predicts the corrosion initiation time and quantifies the inherent variances considering various acting parameters. The framework includes: probabilistic modeling with Bayesian updating based on the sets of previously generated experimental data; Bayesian model/parameter selection considering various parameters, such as material properties and environmental conditions; corrosion reliability analyses to predict the probabilities of the corrosion initiation at given time t, structural configurations, and environmental conditions; and sensitivity analyses to measure and to rank the influences of each acting parameter and its uncertainty to the probabilities of the corrosion initiation. Total of 284 sets of experimental data exposed to the coastal atmospheric environments are used for the modeling. The goal of the Bayesian model selection presented in this paper is to obtain the most accurate and unbiased model using the simplest form of expression. The developed example corrosion model is currently limited to the initiation of diffusion-induced corrosion. The model can be updated, improved, or modified upon future available sets of data. The research contributes to the decision making to improve the corrosion reliability, corrosion control, and further the structural reliability of corroding structures.

Fluid exchange across single capillaries in rat intestinal muscle

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (2) ◽  
pp. H268-H287 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Capillary Pressures ◽  
Fifth Order ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Muscle Capillaries ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Previous studies suggest that large differences exist among fluid exchange parameters in the mesenteric, muscle, and mucosal regions of the small intestine. However, few quantitative data from the separate regions, with the exception of the mesentery, are available for comparison. In this study, quantitative measurements of hydraulic conductivities (LP) and occluded effective pressures (P'e) were made on single capillaries in rat intestinal muscle. The microcirculation of longitudinal intestinal muscle was viewed through a microscope using the method of Bohlen and Gore. The single-occlusion method of Lee, Smaje, and Zweifach was used to estimate LP and P'e in single capillaries. Details of the procedures for analyzing the experimental data using the Lee analytical model are included in an APPENDIX. Measurements were made at four different sites in each capillary studied so gradients in LP could be quantitated and variations in P'e could be detected. The average LP at the venous end of the capillaries was nearly seven times greater than LP at the arterial end. The average LP at the arterial end [18.6 +/- 2.3(SE)% of the distance (%L/Lo) from the fifth-order arterioles] was 1.32 +/- 0.4 X 10(-2) micrometers.s-1.cmH2O-1. The average LP at the venous end (%L/Lo = 81.7 +/- 2.2%) was 9.15 +/- 0.34 X 10(-2) micrometers.s-1.cmH2O-1. Values of LP at intermediate capillary locations 39.9 +/- 2.3 and 61.3 +/- 3.2% were 2.17 +/- 0.34 and 4.48 +/- 0.62 X 10(-2) micrometers.s-1.cmH2O-1, respectively. The total mean LP for all the data (132 samples, 33 capillaries, 10 rats) was 4.19 +/- 0.61 X 10(-2) micrometers.s-1.cmH2O-1. Comparison of these data with results from other tissues indicates that LP of intestinal muscle capillaries is 1.7 times greater than LP of omental capillaries and three times greater than LP of mesenteric capillaries. Values of P'e were corrected for the unoccluded state and were used to calculate total transcapillary pressures (delta P). The results suggested that the intestinal muscle layers were well hydrated and that tissue hydrostatic pressures were positive. Transcapillary fluid fluxes (JVo) at different sites on the capillaries were estimated from the relationship, JVo = LP X delta P. The results imply that intestinal muscle capillaries are primarily an absorptive network when systemic arterial pressure and capillary pressures are normal.

Kinetic Investigation of the Corrosion Process by Means of the b Rays Absorption

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Cecal ◽  
Florica Ionic� ◽  
Karin Popa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Kinetic Investigation ◽  
Iron Ions ◽  
Metal Sample ◽  
Steel Composition ◽  
Corrosive Solution ◽  
Corrosion Medium ◽  
Global Rate ◽  
Complex Process

This paper deals with an approach of the investigation of the corrosion reactions, which is based on the absorption of b rays emitted by Tl-204 radionuclide by the iron ions, which pass into the aggressive solution through anodic dissolution of a metal sample. There can be noticed a decreassing of the activity b rays, reduction which is measured while the concentration of the iron ions in the corrosive solution increases. Out of the experimental data, there can be calculated the constant of the global corrosion rate, which accurately characterizes the development of this complex process. There was experimentally investigated the corrosion of three types of steel: H-12, MoCN-15 and W-85 in aggressive media of HCl and NaCl solutions.The values of the global rate constants vary depending on the steel composition and the corrosion medium.

scholarly journals Связь явлений переноса с характеристиками кластерной структуры воды

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
А.В. Полянская ◽  
А.М. Полянский ◽  
В.А. Полянский
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Binding Energy ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Water Clusters ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Superplastic State ◽  
Free Molecules ◽  
Density Of Water

AbstractUsing a statistical approach, we have estimated the size of water clusters and the number of free molecules participating in transport phenomena. The sizes of clusters and the number of molecules in them, as well as the number of free water molecules and their mean free paths, have been determined using experimental data on the temperature dependence of viscosity and density of water. It has been concluded that a temperature of 36.6°C is a special point in the range of 0–100°C. At temperatures higher than this value, the binding energy of a molecule with a cluster decreases abruptly, while the concentration of free molecules sharply increases. Quantitative data have been compared with the parameters of the superplastic state of titanium. As an example, we consider metabolism in functioning of erythrocytes of blood in an adult human.

Metallurgical Effects of Grain Boundary Ledges

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Thermo Mechanical Treatment ◽  
Ledge Density

Ledges in grain boundaries can be identified by their characteristic contrast features (straight, black-white lines) distinct from those of lattice dislocations, for example1,2 [see Fig. 1(a) and (b)]. Simple contrast rules as pointed out by Murr and Venkatesh2, can be established so that ledges may be recognized with come confidence, and the number of ledges per unit length of grain boundary (referred to as the ledge density, m) measured by direct observations in the transmission electron microscope. Such measurements can then give rise to quantitative data which can be used to provide evidence for the influence of ledges on the physical and mechanical properties of materials.It has been shown that ledge density can be systematically altered in some metals by thermo-mechanical treatment3,4.

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