Before each user equipment (UE) can send data using the narrowband physical uplink shared channel (NPUSCH), each UE should periodically monitor a search space in the narrowband physical downlink control channel (NPDCCH) to decode a downlink control indicator (DCI) over narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). This monitoring period, called the NPDCCH period in NB-IoT, can be flexibly adjusted for UEs with different channel qualities. However, because low-cost NB-IoT UEs operate in the half-duplex mode, they cannot monitor search spaces in NPDCCHs and transmit data in the NPUSCH simultaneously. Thus, as we observed, a percentage of uplink subframes will be wasted when UEs monitor search spaces in NPDCCHs, and the wasted percentage is higher when the monitored period is shorter. In this paper, to address this issue, we formulate the cross-cycled resource allocation problem to reduce the consumed subframes while satisfying the uplink data requirement of each UE. We then propose a cross-cycled uplink resource allocation algorithm to efficiently use the originally unusable NPUSCH subframes to increase resource utilization. Compared with the two resource allocation algorithms, the simulation results verify our motivation of using the cross-cycled radio resources to achieve massive connections over NB-IoT, especially for UEs with high channel qualities. The results also showcase the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, which can be flexibly applied for more different NPDCCH periods.
Low Cost Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) System Employing On-Off Keying Data Modulation in Half-Duplex Asynchronous Transmission Mode
