Development of an Open Channel That Also Functions as a Wetland to Reduce Domestic Wastewater

Abstract Besides accommodating rainfall-runoff, the drainage channel of the Dukuh Menanggal area in Surabaya also accommodates domestic wastewater. The objective of developing the function is to degrade domestic wastewater pollution that flows into the drainage channel. The wetland is applied in the drainage channel with coarse sand media, Caladium (Caladium), and Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L) plant according to land size planning based on existing discharge, detention time, the porosity of the planting medium, and the root zone of the applied plants. The observed properties of domestic wastewater were Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and detergents. The result is that the treatment of domestic wastewater passes through the artificial wetland in the drainage channel. The constructed wetland can reduce the contamination content of domestic wastewater for the parameters of BOD, COD, and detergents with efficiency levels of 46%, 61.8%, and 69%, respectively.

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Comparison of Pistia Stratiotes and Lemna Minor Plants Potentials in Bioremediation of Domestic Wastewater

The Journal of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia ◽

10.54552/v82i1.83 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hauwa Mohammed Mustafa ◽

Dr Gasim Hayder

Keyword(s):

Lemna Minor ◽

Research Work ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Pistia Stratiotes ◽

Wastewater Sample ◽

Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽

Treated Water ◽

Reduction Efficiency

Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and cost-effective biotechnological method of wastewater treatment that involves the use of plants. In this research work, the potentials of Pistia stratiotes and Lemna minor aquatic plants in treatment of wastewater was examined. The two plants were cultivated in the wastewater sample for a period of 10 days. Water quality parameters (turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate) tests was subjected on the untreated (influent) and treated water (effluent) samples at a detention time of 24 hours. The outcome of the analysis demonstrates that P. stratiotes effluent achieved a reduction efficiency of up to 91.9%, 68%, 79.6%, and 71% for turbidity, phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate, respectively. Whereas for L. minor treated water samples, the highest reduction efficiency for turbidity, COD, phosphate, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate was found to be 87.2%, 46%, 48.7%, 83% and 56%, respectively. Hence, the overall outcome obtained indicate that P. stratiotes performed better in improving the quality of domestic wastewater compared to L. minor plants.

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Evaluation of Ageratum conyzoides in field scale constructed wetlands (CWs) for domestic wastewater treatment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2017.119 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 2268-2280 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. S. Tilak ◽

Suhas P. Wani ◽

A. Datta ◽

M. D. Patil ◽

M. Kaushal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Subsurface Flow ◽

Typha Latifolia ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Pistia Stratiotes ◽

Field Scale ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Canna Indica

Ageratum conyzoides were evaluated in field scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands (CWs) to quantify its nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake and compare with wetland plants (Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia and Canna indica). The two-field scale subsurface flow CWs, located in the International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, received wastewater from an urban colony. The CW1 and CW2 had the same dimensions (length:10 m, width:3 m, total depth:1.5 m and sand and gravel:1 m), similar flow rates (3 m3/d), hydraulic loading rates (HLRs-10 cm/d) and hydraulic retention time (HRT-5 days) from July 2014–August 2015. The vegetation in both CWs consisted of Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia, Canna indica, and Ageratum conyzoides, respectively. The CW1 (% reduction with respect to concentrations) reduced total suspended solids (TSS) (68%), NH4-N (26%), NO3-N (30%), soluble reactive P (SRP) (20%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (45%) and fecal coliforms (71%), while the CW2 (%-reduction with respect to concentrations) reduced TSS (63%), NH4-N (32%), NO3-N (26%), SRP (35%), COD (39%) and fecal coliforms (70%). Ageratum conyzoides can be used in combination with Pistia stratiotes, Typha latifolia and Canna indica to enhance removal of excessive N, P and fecal coliforms from domestic wastewater.

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Rapid Assessment Method for Evaluation of the Weighted Contribution of Anthropogenic Pollution: A Case Study of Lake Burullus, Egypt

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3337

Author(s):

M. S. Moussa ◽

Mohamed K. Mostafa

Keyword(s):

Rapid Assessment ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Organic Load ◽

Investment Planning ◽

Pollutant Loads ◽

Lake Burullus ◽

Wastewater Pollution

This paper proposes a pragmatic approach for rapid assessment of the weighted contribution of the main waste streams contributing to pollution of surface water bodies. A case study was conducted on Lake Burullus in Egypt. The lake suffers from pollution due to many human-based activities around the lake, such as domestic, industrial, agriculture, fish farming, and solid wastes. The weighted contribution of these activities was assessed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The results showed that the highest organic load is due to the domestic wastewater pollution component (63.2% of COD load), followed by fish aquaculture (35.4%). The highest TN (43.9%) and TP (58.3%) pollutant loads to Lake Burullus are due to the agricultural pollution component, followed by fish aquaculture with pollutant loads of 28.5% and 25.3%, respectively. The industrial wastewater pollution component has a very small effect on the pollution of Lake Burullus. The assessment of this study will help identify and magnify the key polluters and thus guide the decision-makers to prioritize investment planning for depollution intervention projects. For example, if the target is to reduce COD loads, investments must be directed toward the rehabilitation and expansion of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

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Anaerobic hydrolysis of complex substrates in full-scale aerobic granular sludge: enzymatic activity determined in different sludge fractions

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-021-11443-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Toja Ortega ◽

Mario Pronk ◽

Merle K. de Kreuk

Keyword(s):

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Hydrolytic Activity ◽

Full Scale ◽

Aerobic Granular Sludge ◽

Bulk Liquid ◽

Granule Formation ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Complex substrates, like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, are major components of domestic wastewater, and yet their degradation in biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies, such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS), is not well understood. Hydrolysis is considered the rate-limiting step in the bioconversion of complex substrates, and as such, it will impact the utilization of a large wastewater COD (chemical oxygen demand) fraction by the biofilms or granules. To study the hydrolysis of complex substrates within these types of biomass, this paper investigates the anaerobic activity of major hydrolytic enzymes in the different sludge fractions of a full-scale AGS reactor. Chromogenic substrates were used under fully mixed anaerobic conditions to determine lipase, protease, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase activities in large granules (>1 mm in diameter), small granules (0.2–1 mm), flocculent sludge (0.045–0.2 mm), and bulk liquid. Furthermore, composition and hydrolytic activity of influent wastewater samples were determined. Our results showed an overcapacity of the sludge to hydrolyze wastewater soluble and colloidal polymeric substrates. The highest specific hydrolytic activity was associated with the flocculent sludge fraction (1.5–7.5 times that of large and smaller granules), in agreement with its large available surface area. However, the biomass in the full-scale reactor consisted of 84% large granules, making the large granules account for 55–68% of the total hydrolytic activity potential in the reactor. These observations shine a new light on the contribution of large granules to the conversion of polymeric COD and suggest that large granules can hydrolyze a significant amount of this influent fraction. The anaerobic removal of polymeric soluble and colloidal substrates could clarify the stable granule formation that is observed in full-scale installations, even when those are fed with complex wastewaters. Key points • Large and small granules contain >70% of the hydrolysis potential in an AGS reactor. • Flocculent sludge has high hydrolytic activity but constitutes <10% VS in AGS. • AGS has an overcapacity to hydrolyze complex substrates in domestic wastewater. Graphical abstract

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A Preliminary Study on the Use of Xylit as Filter Material for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115281 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5281

Author(s):

Marcin Spychała ◽

Tadeusz Nawrot ◽

Radosław Matz

Keyword(s):

Quality Indicators ◽

Initial Period ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Filter Material ◽

Stage I ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Septic Tank ◽

Preliminary Stage ◽

Wastewater Quality

The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm3/d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm3/d during stage I, and 184–223 cm3/d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD5, 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for NNH4, 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for Ptot, 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.

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Efficiency and Technological Reliability of Contaminant Removal in Household WWTPs with Activated Sludge

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041889 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1889 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Agnieszka Micek ◽

Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski ◽

Michał Marzec ◽

Agnieszka Listosz ◽

Tadeusz Grabowski

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Pollutant Removal ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Contaminant Removal ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Wastewater Samples ◽

Polish Law

The results of research on the efficiency and technological reliability of domestic wastewater purification in two household wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge are presented in this paper. The studied facilities were located in the territory of the Roztocze National Park (Poland). The mean wastewater flow rate in the WWTPs was 1.0 and 1.6 m3/day. In 2017–2019, 20 series of analyses were done, and 40 wastewater samples were taken. On the basis of the received results, the efficiency of basic pollutant removal was determined. The technological reliability of the tested facilities was specified using the Weibull method. The average removal efficiencies for the biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 66–83% and 62–65%, respectively. Much lower effects were obtained for total suspended solids (TSS) and amounted to 17–48%, while the efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) removal did not exceed 34%. The analyzed systems were characterized by the reliability of TSS, BOD5, and COD removal at the level of 76–96%. However, the reliability of TN and TP elimination was less than 5%. Thus, in the case of biogenic compounds, the analyzed systems did not guarantee that the quality of treated wastewater would meet the requirements of the Polish law during any period of operation. This disqualifies the discussed technological solution in terms of its wide application in protected areas and near lakes, where the requirements for nitrogen and phosphorus removal are high.

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Two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell process for simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen for rural domestic sewage application

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0765 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 49 (5-6) ◽

pp. 281-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S.J. Kim ◽

P.Y. Yang

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Microbial Cell ◽

Two Stage ◽

Rate Limiting Step ◽

Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Entrapped Mixed Microbial Cell

A two-stage entrapped mixed microbial cell (2SEMMC) process which separates nitrification and denitrification phases by the installation of the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors packed with EMMC carriers was operated with 6, 4, 3, and 2 hours of hydraulic retention time (HRT) using simulated domestic wastewater. The activated sludge was immobilized using cellulose acetate for the EMMC carriers. Similar soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal efficiencies of 90-97% were observed for all HRTs (SCOD loading rate of 0.84-2.30 g/L/d) applied. In order to achieve more than 80 % of TN removal efficiency, the HRT should be maintained higher than 4 hours (less than 0.24 g/L/d of TN loading rate). Denitrification was a rate-limiting step which controlled overall TN removal efficiency at TN loading rate of 0.15-0.31 g/L/d although nitrification efficiencies achieved 97-99 %. The effluent TSS of less than 25 mg/L in the 2SEMMC process was maintained at the SCOD loading rate of less than 1.23 g/L/d with back-washing intervals of 5 and 10 days in the anoxic and oxic EMMC reactors, respectively. The minimum HRT of 4 hours is required for high removal efficiencies of organics (average 95.6 %) and nitrogen (average 80.5 %) in the 2SEMMC process with 3 times of recirculation ratio.

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Performance of Filterbeds and Macrophytes in Vertical Constructed Wetland for Treating Domestic Sewage Effluent

10.21203/rs.3.rs-554874/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vanitha Thammaiah ◽

Manjunatha Hebbara ◽

Manjunatha Mudukapla Virupakshappa

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetland ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Typha Latifolia ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Organic N ◽

Sewage Effluent ◽

Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽

Wetland Treatment ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract An experiment with different filterbeds and macrophytes was carried-out to study their phytoremediation capacity on the efficiency of domestic wastewater treatment through constructed wetland (CW) during November to March, 2017-18 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad campus, Karnataka, India. Twenty treatment combinations involving five types of filterbeds (FB-1: gravel, FB-2: gravel-sand-gravel, FB-3: gavel-sand-brick-gravel, FB-4: gravel-sand-charcoal-gravel and FB-5: gravel-sand-(charcoal+brick)-gravel) and four macrophytes (MP-1: Typha latifolia, MP-2: Brachiaria mutica, MP-3: Canna indica and MP-4: Phragmites sps.) were evaluated for treating domestic wastewater. After 120 days from start, across treatment combinations, water electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved and suspended solids (TDS-TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sodium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), bicarbonates, total nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K) and boron (B) were reduced by more than 40 per cent due to wetland treatment. The system enhanced the mineralization of organic nitrogen to ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) fractions. Among filterbeds, Type-5 caused higher reduction in pH, EC, BOD, COD and Organic-N while, Type-4 proved efficient in removing total solids and lowering pH in the sewage effluent. The Type-3 filterbed removed more suspended solids, potassium and ammoniacal nitrogen. Among the macrophytes, Brachiaria (paragrass) removed more nitrogen and potassium while, Phragmites removed more nitrogen, phosphorus and boron. The flexibility of implementation allows the CW to be adapted to different sites with different configurations, being suitable as main, secondary or tertiary treatment stage.

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Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) Purifier is the Alternative Solution: Tackling the Problem of Rural Wastewater Treatment in India

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.13.3.18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 457-464

Author(s):

PRIYANAND AGALE ◽

PARAG SADGIR

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Alternative Solution ◽

Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽

Zigzag Pattern ◽

Important Barrier ◽

Removal Of Contaminants ◽

College Of Engineering ◽

Rural Wastewater

Rural wastewater treatment is mostly ignored in developing and undeveloped countries. The most important barrier for addressing to this problem is cost of treatment and simplified technology. Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) purifier consists of four stages. Wastewater flows gravitationally through partition walls in zigzag pattern with brick bats filter; Pebble sand filter and charcoal and grit filter which facilitate removal of contaminants from domestic wastewater. In the present study, experimental model for domestic wastewater treatment was setup in the Environmental Engineering laboratory at Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Physiochemical analysis was done in August and September of 2016 the percentage removal of contaminants results shows Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 92% - 87%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 93 - 89%, Total Suspended Solids( TSS) 80 - 78% and Turbidity 95 - 85%. The process is considered eco-friendly and easy to install technology for domestic wastewater treatment with use of locally available material. ABGS purifier is decentralized approach of domestic wastewater treatment. Hence ABGS as an alternative solution to tackle over the problem of rural wastewater treatment.

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Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater by Partial-Denitrification/Anammox in an Anoxic/Oxic Biofilm Reactor

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr10010109 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Yu Huang ◽

Yongzhen Peng ◽

Donghui Huang ◽

Jiarui Fan ◽

Rui Du

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Stable Operation ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

N Accumulation ◽

Carbon Demand ◽

Oxidation Efficiency

A partial-denitrification coupling with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process (PD/A) in a continuous-flow anoxic/oxic (A/O) biofilm reactor was developed to treat carbon-limited domestic wastewater (ammonia (NH4+-N) of 55 mg/L and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 148 mg/L in average) for about 200 days operation. Satisfactory NH4+-N oxidation efficiency above 95% was achieved with rapid biofilm formation in the aerobic zone. Notably, nitrite (NO2−-N) accumulation was observed in the anoxic zone, mainly due to the insufficient electron donor for complete nitrate (NO3−-N) reduction. The nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) achieved was as high as 64.4%. After the inoculation of anammox-enriched sludge to anoxic zones, total nitrogen (TN) removal was significantly improved from 37.3% to 78.0%. Anammox bacteria were effectively retained in anoxic biofilm utilizing NO2−-N produced via the PD approach and NH4+-N in domestic wastewater, with the relative abundance of 5.83% for stable operation. Anammox pathway contributed to TN removal by a high level of 38%. Overall, this study provided a promising method for mainstream nitrogen removal with low energy consumption and organic carbon demand.

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