New Development Quantification Methods for Salt Iodine and Urinary Iodine Using Microfluidics Based Nanotechnology

Abstract Objectives Optimum Iodine status during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for normal fetal growth and child development. We assessed the urinary iodine concentration of pregnant and lactating women to determine their iodine status and measured salt iodine from their households. Methods We collected spot urine samples and corresponding household salt samples from 80 pregnant women (37 and 43 second and third-trimester women, respectively) and 49 lactating women (with children <6 months). Urinary iodine was determined by manual digestion with ammonium persulfate followed by Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction using 96 multi-well plates and a micro-plate reader at 405 nm. The iodine content in salt was measured by iodometric titration method. Samples were analyzed at the icddr, b Immunology, Nutrition, and Toxicology Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results The median [IQR] UIC in the second-trimester women, third-trimester women, and lactating women was 90.6[41.9–171.5] mcg/L, 67.9[24.2–144.5] mcg/L, and 74.7[48.1–134.8] mcg/L, respectively. More than three-quarters of pregnant women (73% of the second-trimester women and 79% of the third-trimester women) and more than half of the lactating mothers (57%) were below the WHO recommended cut-offs. Only 42% of the household salts were adequately iodized. A moderate positive linear relationship was found between urinary and household salt iodine content (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Even with mandatory salt iodization policy in Bangladesh for about three decades, the iodine insufficiency among pregnant and lactating women is widespread and needs to be improved through ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt or supplement. Funding Sources ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

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An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980012000146 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 1168-1173 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Shengmin Lv ◽

Jun Zhao ◽

Dong Xu ◽

Zhengshui Chong ◽

Lihui Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Hebei Province ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Salt Iodine

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.

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A study on the influencing factors of urinary iodine concentration and the relationship between iodised salt concentration and urinary iodine concentration

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514003377 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 113 (1) ◽

pp. 142-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yan Zou ◽

Gangqiang Ding ◽

Xiaoming Lou ◽

Zhe Mo ◽

Wenming Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Salt Iodine ◽

The Relationship

The aim of the present study was to explore the influencing factors of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and the relationship between iodised salt concentration and UIC in order to give suggestions for the surveillance of iodine nutrition status. For this purpose, a multi-stage cluster sampling technique was employed in the present cross-sectional study. Correlations between UIC and salt iodine concentration were evaluated by Spearmen's correlation analysis. Risk factors of having a lower UIC were identified by logistic regression analysis, and the equations of UIC and salt iodine concentration were fitted by curve regression analysis. The median UIC was found to be 162·0 (25th–75th percentile 98·2–248·6) μg/l. The UIC was correlated with salt iodine concentration (Spearman's ρ = 0·144, P< 0·05). The multiple logistic regression analysis found the following influencing factors for having a lower UIC: age (OR 0·98, 95 % CI 0·98, 0·98, P< 0·05); sex (OR 0·81, 95 % CI 0·71, 0·92, P< 0·05); education level (OR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·83, 0·90, P< 0·05); status of occupation (OR 0·91, 95 % CI 0·86, 0·96, P< 0·05); occupation (OR 1·03, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·05, P< 0·05); pickled food (OR 1·24, 95 % CI 1·08, 1·42, P< 0·05); salt iodine concentration (OR 1·03, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·03, P< 0·05). The curve regression analysis found that UIC (y) and salt iodine concentration (x) could be expressed by the following equation: y= 1·5772x1·4845. In conclusion, the median UIC of individuals in Zhejiang Province falls within optimal status as recommended by the WHO/UNICEF/International Council for Control of IDD. To maintain optimal iodine nutrition status, salt iodine concentration should be in the range of 16·4 to 34·3 mg/kg.

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IODINE STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 506

Author(s):

Spriha Rao ◽

Gurudayal Singh Toteja ◽

Neena Bhatia ◽

Supriya Dwivedi ◽

Zaozianlungliu Gonmei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Urban Slums ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Iodine Status ◽

Salt Iodine

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the third-trimester pregnant women residing in urban slums of West Delhi. Urinary iodine concentration was estimated using ammonium persulfate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration.Results: Of the total 180 pregnant women, 70.6% were consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine levels ≥15 ppm). Median urinary iodine level for the pregnant women was 147.5 μg/L indicating iodine deficiency among this group. A total of 51.1% of women had urinary iodine levels <150 μg/L.Conclusion: Pregnant women belonging to slum community from Delhi have a suboptimal iodine status. Further, the proportion of women consuming iodized salt is less than the national average indicating the need to educate these women about the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

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Assessment of Iodine Nutrition of School Children in Gonda, India, Indicates Improvement and Effectivity of Salt Iodization

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021001956 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Kushagra Gaurav ◽

Subhash Yadav ◽

Sheo Kumar ◽

Anjali Mishra ◽

Madan M Godbole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Content ◽

North India ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salt Iodine

Abstract Objective: To study the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and salt iodine content among school children in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven school children (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC, and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. Results: The overall TGR in the study population was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8-3.8%). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p=0.2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (p=0.05). Median UIC was 157.1 μg/L (IQR: 94.5-244.9). At the time of the study, 97% of salt sample were iodized and nearly 86% of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 ppm. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2.8% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157.1 vs. 100.0 μg/L, p<0.05) than reported in the same area in 2009. Conclusions: A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of USI. To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programs such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the program at regular intervals in place.

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Thyroid and the environment: exposure to excessive nutritional iodine increases the prevalence of thyroid disorders in São Paulo, Brazil

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-08-0192 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 159 (3) ◽

pp. 293-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Rosalinda Y A Camargo ◽

Eduardo K Tomimori ◽

Solange C Neves ◽

Ileana G S Rubio ◽

Ana Luiza Galrão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽

São Paulo ◽

Table Salt ◽

Excessive Iodine ◽

Salt Iodine ◽

Excessive Iodine Intake

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) and iodine-induced hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (overt and subclinical), and goiter in a population exposed to excessive iodine intake for 5 years (table salt iodine concentrations: 40–100 mg/kg salt).DesignThis was a population-based, cross-sectional study with 1085 participants randomly selected from a metropolitan area in São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted during the first semester of 2004.MethodsThyroid ultrasound examination was performed in all participants and samples of urine and blood were collected from each subject. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, urinary iodine concentration, thyroid volume, and thyroid echogenicity were evaluated. We also analyzed table salt iodine concentrations.ResultsAt the time the study was conducted, table salt iodine concentrations were within the new official limits (20–60 mg/kg salt). Nevertheless, in 45.6% of the participants, urinary iodine excretion was excessive (above 300 μg/l) and, in 14.1%, it was higher than 400 μg/l. The prevalence of CAT (including atrophic thyroiditis) was 16.9% (183/1085), women were more affected than men (21.5 vs 9.1% respectively, P=0.02). Hypothyroidism was detected in 8.0% (87/1085) of the population with CAT. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3.3% of the individuals (36/1085) and goiter was identified in 3.1% (34/1085).ConclusionsFive years of excessive iodine intake by the Brazilian population may have increased the prevalence of CAT and hypothyroidism in subjects genetically predisposed to thyroid autoimmune diseases. Appropriate screening for early detection of thyroid dysfunction may be considered during excessive nutritional iodine intake.

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Socio-demographic characteristics and Iodine status of the school-going children of Suryodaya Municipality, Ilam

Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal ◽

10.3126/jfstn.v12i12.23868 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Babita Adhikari ◽

Praja Adhikari

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Iodine Content ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Test Kit ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Study Population ◽

Salt Iodine ◽

Urine Iodine

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a major micronutrient deficiency problem in Nepal. This study was conducted with objective to measure the Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and attempts were made to relate urinary iodine with salt use and other sociodemographic variables of household of primary school children of Suryodaya municipality of Ilam district of Nepal. A community based cross section study was conducted in two schools of study area selected randomly (lottery method). A total of 202 school children of 6-12 years were recruited for the study to collect urine and salt samples for urine iodine content (UIC) and salt iodine content (SIC) measurement respectively and detail information of study population was achieved from their household. UIC was measured by ammonium persulphate digestion microplate (APDM) method and SIC was estimated by rapid test kit (RTK). Data were expressed in frequency, mean±SD and median (IQR) according to the nature of data. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test the significance considering p≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval. It was found that Median UIC of the study population was 152.14 µg/L. Overall; it was found that 30.7% children had urine iodine level less than the normal WHO levels. The availability of adequately iodized salt was 93.1% as measured by RTK. There was statically significant association between consumed salt iodine content and urine iodine excretion level (P < 0.05).

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A STRATIFIED CROSS-SECTIONAL CLUSTER MODEL SURVEY OF IODINE NUTRITION IN ARMENIA AFTER A DECADE OF UNIVERSAL SALT IODIZATION

Endocrine Practice ◽

10.4158/ep-2018-0634 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 987-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicholas Hutchings ◽

Elena Aghajanova ◽

Sisak Baghdasaryan ◽

Mushegh Qefoyan ◽

Catherine Sullivan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

School Age Children ◽

School Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Iodine Nutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Salt Iodization ◽

Salt Iodine

Objective: Iodine is a necessary nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and essential in human development. Being naturally deficient in iodine, Armenia launched a national universal salt iodization (USI) strategy in 2004. Although high rates of goiter continued to be reported, iodine status has not been studied since 2005. Therefore, this study sought to assess the current situation of population iodine nutrition in Armenia.Methods: We used a selective cross-sectional model to recruit three groups: school-age children (SAC), pregnant women (PW), and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) from each province. We collected casual urine and table salt samples from each participant, which were analyzed for iodine concentration. A repeat urine sample was collected in a subset of participants to adjust the results for within-person variation in iodine concentration. Group-wise urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were compared with international reference criteria for iodine status.Results: Urine samples were collected from 1,125 participants from 13 different towns in Armenia; a total of 1,078 participants were included in the final analysis: 361 SAC (mean age, 10.5 years, 46.6% female), 356 PW (mean age, 26.1 years), and 361 WRA (mean age, 35.5 years). Population and geographically weighted median UIC were: SAC, 242 μg/L ([25th percentile] 203 to [75th percentile] 289 μg/L); PW, 226 μg/L (209 to 247 μg/L); WRA, 311 μg/L (244 to 371 μg/L). A total of 1,041 table salt samples were sufficient for laboratory analysis: 973 (93.4%) of the salt iodine measurements were within the national standard range of 40 ± 15 mg/kg.Conclusion: The results of household salt sampling indicated a successful USI strategy. While the present study did not achieve a truly representative sample of Armenia's population, the UIC results support the conclusion that iodine deficiency has not recurred and is not an underlying factor for any remaining high goiter prevalence in Armenia.Abbreviations: PW = pregnant women; SAC = school-age children; SI = salt iodine; UIC = urinary iodine concentration; USI = universal salt iodization; WHO = World Health Organization; WRA = women of reproductive age

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Rezidivrisiko nach thyreostatischer Behandlung immunogener und nicht-immunogener Hyperthyreosen

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1629504 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 29 (01) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Voth ◽

N. Dickmann ◽

H. Schicha ◽

D. Emrich

Keyword(s):

Relapse Rate ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Young Patients ◽

Antithyroid Drugs ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Old Patients ◽

Primary Disease ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Immunogenic Hyperthyroidism

Data of 196 patients treated for hyperthyroidism exclusively with antithyroid drugs were analyzed retrospectively concerning the relapse rate within a follow-up period of four years. Patients were subdivided for primary or recurrent disease, and for immunogenic or non-immunogenic hyperthyroidism, respectively. In immunogenic as well as in non-immunogeriic hyperthyroidism, the relapse rate was significantly lower for patients with primary disease (35% and 52%, respectively) compared to those with recurrent hyperthyroidism (82%, p <0.001 and 83%, p <0.001, respectively). In patients with primary disease, clinical, biochemical and scintigraphic parameters were tested with respect to their capability of predicting a relapse. For immunogenic hyperthyroidism the highest relapse rates were observed in young patients and in those with large goitres, whereas for non-immunogenic hyperthyroidism they were highest in old patients, in those with nodular goitres and in those without an increased urinary iodine excretion at the time of diagnosing hyperthyroidism.

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Influence of Radioiodine Therapy on Urinary Iodine Excretion

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632337 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (03) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. Lauer ◽

M. Bähre ◽

E. Richter ◽

B. Melier

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Radioiodine Therapy ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Target Volume ◽

Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽

Urinary Creatinine ◽

Iodine Excretion ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Persistent Elevation ◽

Benign Thyroid

Summary Aim: In 214 patients with benign thyroid diseases the time-course of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was investigated in order to identify changes after radioiodine therapy (RITh). Method: UIE was measured photometrically (cerium-arsenite method) and related to urinary creatinine on the first and last day of the radioiodine test and then three days, seven days, four weeks, and six months after 1311 administration. Results: As compared with the level found immediately before radioiodine therapy, median UIE had almost doubled four weeks after therapy and was still significantly elevated six months after therapy. This increase correlated significantly with the target volume as measured by scintigraphy and sonography. Conclusions: The persistent elevation of UIE for months after RITh is a measure of treatment-induced damage to thyrocytes. Therefore, in view of the unfavourable kinetics of iodine that follow it, RITh should if possible be given via a single-dose regime.

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