scholarly journals Cell-type-specific mechanical response and myosin dynamics during retinal lens development in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (13) ◽  
pp. 1355-1369
Author(s):  
Laura Blackie ◽  
Rhian F. Walther ◽  
Michael F. Staddon ◽  
Shiladitya Banerjee ◽  
Franck Pichaud
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Cell Type Specific

We describe and study the role of the contractile Myosin cytoskeleton in the different epithelial cell types that make up the fly retina. We find that medial contractile Myosin meshworks control the apical geometry and area of retinal cells. Our work also suggests that force transmission within a group of cells depends on cell stiffness.

scholarly journals Cell-type specific mechanical response and myosin dynamics during retinal lens development in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Blackie ◽  
Rhian F. Walther ◽  
Michael F. Staddon ◽  
Shiladitya Banerjee ◽  
Franck Pichaud
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Stiffness ◽  
Lens Development ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Material Stiffness ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACTDuring organogenesis, different cell types need to work together to induce functional multicellular structures. To study this process, we made use of the genetically tractable fly retina, with a focus on the mechanisms that coordinate morphogenesis between the different epithelial cell types that make up the optical lens. Our work shows that these epithelial cells present contractile apical-medial MyosinII meshworks, which control the apical area and junctional geometry of these cells during lens development. Our study also suggests that MyosinII meshworks drive cell shape changes in response to external forces, and thus they mediate part of the biomechanical coupling that takes place between these cells. Importantly, our work, including mathematical modelling of forces and material stiffness during lens development, raises the possibility that increased cell stiffness acts as a mechanism for limiting this mechanical coupling. We propose this might be required in complex tissues, where different cell types undergo concurrent morphogenesis and where averaging out of forces across cells could compromise individual cell apical geometry and thereby organ function.

scholarly journals Revisiting the role of IRF3 in inflammation and immunity by conditional and specifically targeted gene ablation in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (20) ◽  
pp. 5253-5258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Yanai ◽  
Shiho Chiba ◽  
Sho Hangai ◽  
Kohei Kometani ◽  
Asuka Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type I Ifn ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Gene Ablation ◽  
Cell Type Specific

IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription regulator of cellular responses in many cell types that is known to be essential for innate immunity. To confirm IRF3’s broad role in immunity and to more fully discern its role in various cellular subsets, we engineered Irf3-floxed mice to allow for the cell type-specific ablation of Irf3. Analysis of these mice confirmed the general requirement of IRF3 for the evocation of type I IFN responses in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, immune cell ontogeny and frequencies of immune cell types were unaffected when Irf3 was selectively inactivated in either T cells or B cells in the mice. Interestingly, in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock, selective Irf3 deficiency in myeloid cells led to reduced levels of type I IFN in the sera and increased survival of these mice, indicating the myeloid-specific, pathogenic role of the Toll-like receptor 4–IRF3 type I IFN axis in this model of sepsis. Thus, Irf3-floxed mice can serve as useful tool for further exploring the cell type-specific functions of this transcription factor.

scholarly journals Cell Type-Specific Imaging of Calcium Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling Roots Using GCaMP3

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6385
Author(s):  
William Krogman ◽  
J. Alan Sparks ◽  
Elison B. Blancaflor
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Root Cell ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) is a well-characterized second messenger in eukaryotic cells. An elevation in [Ca2+]cyt levels is one of the earliest responses in plant cells after exposure to a range of environmental stimuli. Advances in understanding the role of [Ca2+]cyt in plant development has been facilitated by the use of genetically-encoded reporters such as GCaMP. Most of these studies have relied on promoters such as Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (35S) and Ubiquitin10 (UBQ10) to drive expression of GCaMP in all cell/tissue types. Plant organs such as roots consist of various cell types that likely exhibit unique [Ca2+]cyt responses to exogenous and endogenous signals. However, few studies have addressed this question. Here, we introduce a set of Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing GCaMP3 in five root cell types including the columella, endodermis, cortex, epidermis, and trichoblasts. We found similarities and differences in the [Ca2+]cyt signature among these root cell types when exposed to adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), glutamate, aluminum, and salt, which are known to trigger [Ca2+]cyt increases in root cells. These cell type-targeted GCaMP3 lines provide a new resource that should enable more in depth studies that address how a particular environmental stimulus is linked to specific root developmental pathways via [Ca2+]cyt.

scholarly journals Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke: The Role of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Yeong Cheon ◽  
Eun Jung Kim ◽  
Jeong Min Kim ◽  
Bon-Nyeo Koo
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ischemic Brain Injury ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

Stroke has become a more common disease worldwide. Despite great efforts to develop treatment, little is known about ischemic stroke. Cerebral ischemia activates multiple cascades of cell type-specific pathomechanisms. Ischemic brain injury consists of a complex series of cellular reactions in various cell types within the central nervous system (CNS) including platelets, endothelial cells, astrocytes, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and neurons. Diverse cellular changes after ischemic injury are likely to induce cell death and tissue damage in the brain. Since cells in the brain exhibit different functional roles at distinct time points after injury (acute/subacute/chronic phases), it is difficult to pinpoint genuine roles of cell types after brain injury. Many experimental studies have shown the association of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) with cellular pathomechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Blockade of ASK1, by either pharmacological or genetic manipulation, leads to reduced ischemic brain injury and subsequent neuroprotective effects. In this review, we present the cell type-specific pathophysiology of the early phase of ischemic stroke, the role of ASK1 suggested by preclinical studies, and the potential use of ASK suppression, either by pharmacologic or genetic suppression, as a promising therapeutic option for ischemic stroke recovery.

scholarly journals Connectivity characterization of the mouse basolateral amygdalar complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Houri Hintiryan ◽  
Ian Bowman ◽  
David L. Johnson ◽  
Laura Korobkova ◽  
Muye Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Connectivity Map ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Unique Domain

AbstractThe basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) is implicated in behaviors ranging from fear acquisition to addiction. Optogenetic methods have enabled the association of circuit-specific functions to uniquely connected BLA cell types. Thus, a systematic and detailed connectivity profile of BLA projection neurons to inform granular, cell type-specific interrogations is warranted. Here, we apply machine-learning based computational and informatics analysis techniques to the results of circuit-tracing experiments to create a foundational, comprehensive BLA connectivity map. The analyses identify three distinct domains within the anterior BLA (BLAa) that house target-specific projection neurons with distinguishable morphological features. We identify brain-wide targets of projection neurons in the three BLAa domains, as well as in the posterior BLA, ventral BLA, posterior basomedial, and lateral amygdalar nuclei. Inputs to each nucleus also are identified via retrograde tracing. The data suggests that connectionally unique, domain-specific BLAa neurons are associated with distinct behavior networks.

scholarly journals Shisa6 mediates cell-type specific regulation of depression in the nucleus accumbens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Dae Kim ◽  
Jing Wei ◽  
Tanessa Call ◽  
Nicole Teru Quintus ◽  
Alexander J. Summers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Circuit Function

AbstractDepression is the leading cause of disability and produces enormous health and economic burdens. Current treatment approaches for depression are largely ineffective and leave more than 50% of patients symptomatic, mainly because of non-selective and broad action of antidepressants. Thus, there is an urgent need to design and develop novel therapeutics to treat depression. Given the heterogeneity and complexity of the brain, identification of molecular mechanisms within specific cell-types responsible for producing depression-like behaviors will advance development of therapies. In the reward circuitry, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain region of depression pathophysiology, possibly based on differential activity of D1- or D2- medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Here we report a circuit- and cell-type specific molecular target for depression, Shisa6, recently defined as an AMPAR component, which is increased only in D1-MSNs in the NAc of susceptible mice. Using the Ribotag approach, we dissected the transcriptional profile of D1- and D2-MSNs by RNA sequencing following a mouse model of depression, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Bioinformatic analyses identified cell-type specific genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of depression, including Shisa6. We found selective optogenetic activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to NAc circuit increases Shisa6 expression in D1-MSNs. Shisa6 is specifically located in excitatory synapses of D1-MSNs and increases excitability of neurons, which promotes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Cell-type and circuit-specific action of Shisa6, which directly modulates excitatory synapses that convey aversive information, identifies the protein as a potential rapid-antidepressant target for aberrant circuit function in depression.

scholarly journals Histone modifications form a cell-type-specific chromosomal bar code that persists through the cell cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Halsall ◽  
Simon Andrews ◽  
Felix Krueger ◽  
Charlotte E. Rutledge ◽  
Gabriella Ficz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Bar Code ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Rolling Windows

AbstractChromatin configuration influences gene expression in eukaryotes at multiple levels, from individual nucleosomes to chromatin domains several Mb long. Post-translational modifications (PTM) of core histones seem to be involved in chromatin structural transitions, but how remains unclear. To explore this, we used ChIP-seq and two cell types, HeLa and lymphoblastoid (LCL), to define how changes in chromatin packaging through the cell cycle influence the distributions of three transcription-associated histone modifications, H3K9ac, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. We show that chromosome regions (bands) of 10–50 Mb, detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy of metaphase (M) chromosomes, are also present in G1 and G2. They comprise 1–5 Mb sub-bands that differ between HeLa and LCL but remain consistent through the cell cycle. The same sub-bands are defined by H3K9ac and H3K4me3, while H3K27me3 spreads more widely. We found little change between cell cycle phases, whether compared by 5 Kb rolling windows or when analysis was restricted to functional elements such as transcription start sites and topologically associating domains. Only a small number of genes showed cell-cycle related changes: at genes encoding proteins involved in mitosis, H3K9 became highly acetylated in G2M, possibly because of ongoing transcription. In conclusion, modified histone isoforms H3K9ac, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 exhibit a characteristic genomic distribution at resolutions of 1 Mb and below that differs between HeLa and lymphoblastoid cells but remains remarkably consistent through the cell cycle. We suggest that this cell-type-specific chromosomal bar-code is part of a homeostatic mechanism by which cells retain their characteristic gene expression patterns, and hence their identity, through multiple mitoses.

The role of CpG methylation in cell type-specific expression of the aquaporin-5 gene

2007 ◽  
Vol 353 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johji Nomura ◽  
Akinori Hisatsune ◽  
Takeshi Miyata ◽  
Yoichiro Isohama
Keyword(s):  
Cpg Methylation ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Aquaporin 5 ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
Cell Type Specific

scholarly journals An analytical method for the identification of cell type-specific disease gene modules

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinting Guan ◽  
Yiping Lin ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Junchao Gao ◽  
Guoli Ji
Keyword(s):  
Disease Gene ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Disease ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Gene Modules ◽  
Disease Associated Genes

Abstract Background Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with the risk of brain-related diseases, such as neurological and psychiatric disorders, while the causal variants and the specific vulnerable cell types are often needed to be studied. Many disease-associated genes are expressed in multiple cell types of human brains, while the pathologic variants affect primarily specific cell types. We hypothesize a model in which what determines the manifestation of a disease in a cell type is the presence of disease module comprised of disease-associated genes, instead of individual genes. Therefore, it is essential to identify the presence/absence of disease gene modules in cells. Methods To characterize the cell type-specificity of brain-related diseases, we construct human brain cell type-specific gene interaction networks integrating human brain nucleus gene expression data with a referenced tissue-specific gene interaction network. Then from the cell type-specific gene interaction networks, we identify significant cell type-specific disease gene modules by performing statistical tests. Results Between neurons and glia cells, the constructed cell type-specific gene networks and their gene functions are distinct. Then we identify cell type-specific disease gene modules associated with autism spectrum disorder and find that different gene modules are formed and distinct gene functions may be dysregulated in different cells. We also study the similarity and dissimilarity in cell type-specific disease gene modules among autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The functions of neurons-specific disease gene modules are associated with synapse for all three diseases, while those in glia cells are different. To facilitate the use of our method, we develop an R package, CtsDGM, for the identification of cell type-specific disease gene modules. Conclusions The results support our hypothesis that a disease manifests itself in a cell type through forming a statistically significant disease gene module. The identification of cell type-specific disease gene modules can promote the development of more targeted biomarkers and treatments for the disease. Our method can be applied for depicting the cell type heterogeneity of a given disease, and also for studying the similarity and dissimilarity between different disorders, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of diseases.

Cytoplasmic, nuclear, membrane-bound and secreted [35S]methionine-labelled polypeptide pattern in differentiating fibroblast stem cells in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-239
Author(s):  
P.I. Francz ◽  
K. Bayreuther ◽  
H.P. Rodemann
Keyword(s):  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Human Skin Fibroblast ◽  
Nuclear Fraction ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Membrane Bound

Methods for the selective enrichment of various subpopulations of the human skin fibroblast cell line HH-8 have been developed. These methods permit the selection of homogeneous populations of the three mitotic fibroblast cell types MF I, II and III, and the four postmitotic cell types PMF IV, V, VI and VII. These seven cell types exhibit differentiation-dependent and cell-type-specific patterns of [35S]methionine-labelled polypeptides in total soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, also in membrane-bound proteins, and in secreted proteins. In the differentiation sequence MF II-MF III-PMF IV - PMF V - PMF VI 14 cell-type-specific marker proteins have been found in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction, also 24 cell-type-specific marker proteins have been found in the membrane-bound protein fraction, and 11 cell-type-specific marker proteins in the secreted protein fraction. Markers in spontaneously arising and experimentally selected or induced populations of a single fibroblast cell type were found to be identical.

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