Switzerland

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Aebi-Müller ◽  
Melissa Magliana ◽  
Adrian Ward
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Bilateral Treaties ◽  
High Degree

Switzerland (Swiss Confederation, Confoederatio Helveticae, CH) is a federal state organized on three political levels: the communes, the cantons, and the federal government. Originally established as a confederation, the Swiss federation was formed in 1848 with the adoption of the federal constitution. The division of powers between the federal government and the cantons—individual states with autonomous legislative, executive, and judicial branches and a high degree of independence—is constitutionally defined. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union but is related to it through many bilateral treaties. It has a population of almost 8 million, of which 23% are foreign nationals.

scholarly journals The Rise and Expressions of Consistency in EU Law: Legal and Strategic Implications for European Integration

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Ester Herlin-Karnell ◽  
Theodore Konstadinides
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Treaty Of Lisbon ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Scope Of Application

Abstract The principle of consistency has a prominent place in EU law. In the Treaty of Lisbon, it constitutes an umbrella under which a number of legal principles of EU law follow as corollaries. Consistency manifests itself within both horizontal and vertical levels of governance. This chapter will unpack this principle and will focus on the broader implications of consistency for the division of powers in EU law. In doing so, the authors aim to discuss the rise of consistency in EU law and decrypt its various constitutional expressions in order to determine its scope of application. Two notions of consistency are presented: a formal one that appears in the Treaty of Lisbon and a strategic one, prominent in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It is argued that consistency is relevant to both traditional (integrationist) and alternative (differentiated) routes to European integration. The chapter concludes by discussing whether the undefined nature of ‘consistency’ puts it at risk of becoming an empty vessel.

scholarly journals Reverse Logistic Strategy for the Management of Tire Waste in Mexico and Russia: Review and Conceptual Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Lizbeth Uriarte-Miranda ◽  
Santiago-Omar Caballero-Morales ◽  
Jose-Luis Martinez-Flores ◽  
Patricia Cano-Olivos ◽  
Anastasia-Alexandrovna Akulova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Reverse Logistic ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Social Entities ◽  
High Degree

Management of tire waste is an important aspect of sustainable development due to its environmental, economical and social impacts. Key aspects of Reverse Logistics (RL) and Green Logistics (GL), such as recycling, re-manufacturing and reusable packaging, can improve the management of tire waste and support sustainability. Although these processes have been performed with a high degree of efficiency in other countries such as Japan, Spain and Germany, the application in Mexico and Russia has faced setbacks due to the absence of guidelines regarding legislation, RL processes, and social responsibility. Within this context, the present work aims to develop an integrated RL model to improve on these processes by considering the RL models from Russia and Mexico. For this, a review focused on RL in Mexico, Russia, Japan and the European Union (EU) was performed. Hence, the integrated model considers regulations and policies performed in each country to assign responsibilities regarding RL processes for the management of tire waste. As discussed, the implementation of efficient RL processes for the management of tire waste depends of different social entities such as the user (customer), private and public companies, and manufacturing and state-of-the-art approaches to transform waste into different products (diversification) to consider the RL scheme as a total economic system.

LEGAL REGULATION OF AIR POLLUTION IN UKRAINE AND THE EUROPIAN UNION

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Sukhorukov ◽  
◽  
Anastasiia Chelpanova ◽  
Olena Malokhlib ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
European Union ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Swiss Confederation ◽  
Practical Recommendations

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Ukrainian legislation in the field of air protection, as well as the development of practical recommendations for its improvement by comparing it with the legislation of the European Union. Given the need for Ukraine to borrow the positive experience of the European Union in the field of air protection, the article analyzes the legislation to ensure air quality in countries such as Germany, the French Republic, the Swiss Confederation. The main types of air pollutants are identified. The problem of inaccuracy of information on air quality is highlighted. The authors suggest ways to improve domestic legislation in the field of air protection.

Migration, Social Protection, and the (Re)Production of Inequalities in the European Union

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
Thomas Faist
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Transnational Social Space ◽  
The Eu

Europe, and the European Union in particular, can be conceived as a transnational social space with a high degree of transactions across borders of member states. The question is how efforts to provide social protection for cross-border migrants in the EU reinforce existing inequalities (e.g. between regions or within households), and lead to new types of inequalities (e.g. stratification of labour markets). Social protection in the EU falls predominantly under the purview of individual member states; hence, frictions between different state-operated protection systems and social protection in small groups are particularly apparent in the case of cross-border flows of people and resources. Chapter 5 examines in detail the general social mechanisms operative in cross-border forms of social protection, in particular, exclusion, opportunity hoarding, hierarchization, and exploitation, and also more concrete mechanisms which need to be constructed bottom-up.

Itinera Europea

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Adrienne Héritier
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Federal State ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Future ◽  
Institutional Architecture

Based on strategic interaction analysis, the chapter assesses the plausibility of the future paths of development of the European Union: a federal state, a differentiated and flexible union, covert integration, or disintegration. Systematically varying either the preferences of the main actors or the macro decision-making rules and external shocks/crises, the analysis comes to the conclusion that a differentiated and flexible union and covert integration are the most likely paths of development. The chapter discusses implications of specific scenarios, such as a possible popular backlash against ‘covert integration’ and elaborates on the desirability of practical proposals of a change in the European institutional architecture.

A European Constitutional Treaty: The Blueprint for the European Union

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Udo Di Fabio
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional Treaty ◽  
European Constitution ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Eu

The debate over a European constitution is fully underway. (1) The issue will play an important role at the 2004 intergovernmental conference, especially if negotiations over a new model for the division of competencies between the Union and its constituent Member States is taken up at the Conference. The various points of inquiry — a Charter of Fundamental Rights, institutional reform, the division of competencies, financing, eastward expansion, finality — belong together and they beg for a solution that is fully conceptualized. With this in mind, the German Federal Government is justified in making sweeping, well thought out proposals. At the same time, the French government is equally correct to promote practical solutions while expressing a healthy suspicion of the formation of a federal state of Europe, which is the holiest of all possibilities for the Germans. Against this background, let me begin by saying a few things with respect to the legal nature of a possible constitution for the EU, before I move on to a presentation of more practical conclusions. II.

Questions and Answers: Karlsruhe's Referral for a Preliminary Ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Schneider
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Preliminary Ruling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
German Bundestag

In the environment of ongoing endeavors to “rescue” the Euro, the Second Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) is meanwhile dealing with several constitutional complaints challenging matters that could be described as “the future of the German Bundesbank” and “the present and the past of the German Federal Government and the German Bundestag.” Or, to be more specific, the complainants currently challenge the prospective participation of the German Bundesbank in possible future implementations of the so called “OMT Framework” of 6 September 2012. They also argue that the German Federal Government and the German Bundestag “failed to act” regarding this OMT framework.

The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: Challenges to Democracy?1

Human Affairs ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darina Malová ◽  
Branislav Dolný
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: Challenges to Democracy?Recent scholarship assesses the impact of the European Union's conditionality on democracy in Central and Eastern Europe in a contradictory way. On one hand, the EU is perceived as a key agent of successful democratic consolidation and on other hand, the return of nationalist and populist politics in new member states has been explored in the context of the negative consequences of the hasty accession that undermined government accountability and constrained public debate over policy alternatives. This article explains this puzzle of the ambiguous effects of the EU's politics of conditionality, which promoted institutions stabilizing the horizontal division of powers, rule of law, human and minority rights protection, but which neglected norms and rules of participatory and/or popular democracy.

scholarly journals "It's so little money you could make as much at home" - options for work in an impoverished rural region of high unemployment.

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Ildiko Husz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Degree

Hungary has a higher unemployment rate than the member states of the European Union and even most former socialist countries. This rate for 15-64 year-olds has been around 56% since 1999, as against 66% in the European Union (OECD Employment Database). There is also a high degree of regional unevenness within the country. The situation is worst in North Hungary, an area of multiple economic and social deprivations. Several pieces of research have analysed the causes of long-term unemployment and have highlighted the main social, geographical and institutional factors behind it. People of low educational attainment who live in small villages and members of the Roma minority are particularly likely to have been without jobs for a long time.

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