Trade and Culture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry A. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Green Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
State Action ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Government Aid

Government policies to protect and promote national culture are a perennial issue in the trading system. Controversy over trade and culture, in almost every instance, swirls around entertainment media—mainly movies, television, video, and music. The object of contention is that many states employ an assortment of financial, trade, and regulatory measures to subsidize locally produced entertainment, restrict imports, and favor national content over foreign content. Such measures often impede trade, pitting commercial interests in open markets and free choice against calls for state action to mitigate trade’s social repercussions. Differing perspectives on the motives behind these policies typify disputes over trade and culture. In one view, state regulation of entertainment media is cultural policy, an essential means of preserving a nation’s identity, culture, and way of life. From another vantage point, these policies are backdoor protectionism, a handout to local business and labor under the guise of cultural preservation. The problem of trade and culture therefore raises basic questions about politics: Why do states subsidize production and restrict imports? What drives political demands for trade protection and government aid? How can variation in policy responses be understood? In the World Trade Organization (WTO), disputes over trade and culture center on two related issues. The first is inclusion of a “cultural exception” in trade rules to green-light, on cultural grounds, state actions that interfere with trade in entertainment media. Although there is no cultural exception in the WTO, pressure to accommodate the “specificity” of entertainment media as a cultural phenomenon has complicated trade negotiations and at times required give and take to placate the opposing sides. The second issue is policy liberalization in entertainment media, which has lagged behind market opening in many other goods and services. Deadlock over trade and culture has inspired some WTO members to explore other options: the European Union (EU) and Canada spearheaded the push for a Convention on Cultural Diversity, and the United States has pursued policy liberalization in a series of free trade agreements. Important political questions again crop up: Why has culture stalemated the WTO, and why haven’t trade linkages like those for health safety standards been institutionalized for trade and culture? Why do international political alignments on this problem form as they do? What explains the design of trade rules for entertainment media, and what is the trade regime’s impact on state policy? The age-old conflict over trade and culture continues to play out and shows no signs of abating.

A Comprehensive Review of Spirit Drink Safety Standards and Regulations from an International Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Na Pang ◽  
Zhao-Jie Li ◽  
Jing-Yu Chen ◽  
Li-Juan Gao ◽  
Bei-Zhong Han
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Standards And Regulations

ABSTRACT Standards and regulations related to spirit drinks have been established by different countries and international organizations to ensure the safety and quality of spirits. Here, we introduce the principles of food safety and quality standards for alcoholic beverages and then compare the key indicators used in the distinct standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union, the People's Republic of China, the United States, Canada, and Australia. We also discuss in detail the “maximum level” of the following main contaminants of spirit drinks: methanol, higher alcohols, ethyl carbamate, hydrocyanic acid, heavy metals, mycotoxins, phthalates, and aldehydes. Furthermore, the control measures used for potential hazards are introduced. Harmonization of the current requirements based on comprehensive scope analysis and the risk assessment approach will enhance both the trade and quality of distilled spirits. This review article provides valuable information that will enable producers, traders, governments, and researchers to increase their knowledge of spirit drink safety requirements, control measures, and research trends.

scholarly journals Conceptual Principles of State Regulation of Industry on the Basis of New Industrial Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Eduard SHCHEPANSKIY
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Full Range ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

It is proved that for effective state regulation of industry it is necessary to pursue a clear, high-quality and purposeful state industrial policy. To do this, we should use the full range of available mechanisms and tools. In the course of the research it was established that industrial policy means a set of measures of state regulation of economic processes at the sectoral and corporate levels, aimed at stimulating innovation activity, structural adjustment of the economy and economic growth. The necessity of pursuing the new industrial policy, which can be defined as a policy of maintaining competitiveness, is substantiated. It is determined that the process of state regulation of industry is a set of actions of the state as an institution used to influence the activities of economic entities (enterprises, corporations, entrepreneurs, etc.), as well as certain aspects of this activity related to acquisition of factors of production, organization of production, distribution and sale of goods and services in all phases of the life cycle of the business entity and the life cycle of its products. State regulation based on industrial policy has both positive and critical statements, the essence of which depends on the subject under discussion, namely, policy as a set of state measures and policy as a means to achieve political goals. It is proposed to allocate a list of new conditions for the implementation of effective state regulation of industry on the basis of state industrial policy, which form the conceptual basis of the new industrial policy. The main (basic) characteristics of state regulation of industry on the basis of traditional and new industrial policy are given, where the scenarios of traditional (vertical) policy and new (horizontal) policy are based. Based on the analysis of the practice of state regulation of industry in the European Union, priority areas of regulation have been identified, namely: increasing competitiveness through the development of new markets; strengthening of innovative activity, development of knowledge-intensive businesses; accelerating the process of restructuring companies and industries; improving the institutional and legislative environment; protection of intellectual and property rights; improving the quality and skills of the workforce.

scholarly journals Freedom of Commercial Expression and Public Health Protection in Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 225-256
Author(s):  
Amandine Garde
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Public Health Protection

Abstract This chapter focuses on the extent to which public health has been relied upon by the EU legislature or by Member States of the European Union to limit the freedom of commercial operators to promote their goods and services. First, it discusses why courts in the United States and in Europe have ruled that the freedom of commercial operators to advertise their goods and services should be protected, in light of the fundamental role advertising plays in a liberal market economy. It shows that freedom of commercial expression has been made conditional upon the disclosure of sufficient and reliable information to consumers, thus reflecting a model of consumer protection based on the well-informed and reasonably circumspect consumer. Secondly, it addresses the more controversial question of the extent to which public health may be invoked as an overriding requirement of public interest to curtail the right of commercial operators to promote their goods and services. The approach of the Court of Justice is compared with that taken by the US Supreme Court. This comparative approach highlights the differences between the two: the former is very reluctant to exercise its review powers, while the latter has made it excessively difficult for public authorities to impose any meaningful advertising restrictions. It is argued that neither court has been able to strike a suitable balance between, one the one hand, the need to review the validity of restrictions imposed by public authorities on commercial speech to ensure a high level of public health protection and, one the other hand, the need to ensure that courts do not substitute their assessment to that of the legislature in exercising their judicial review powers. A more balanced approach is required to ensure the adequate protection of consumer health.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATE SUPPORT FOR AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE WITH SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana Samsonova ◽  
◽  
Alina Dzebchuk ◽  
Anastasia Ignatova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Stable Growth

In this article it was found that the importance of agricultural development is due to the direct impact of this area on the living standards of citizens, which largely depends on the welfare of the population, including per capita income and social living conditions. It is proved that providing organizational, legal and economic measures for sustainable development of agricultural production will provide an opportunity to increase production of relevant products, improve its quality and safety, and, consequently, its competitiveness, both domestically and internationally. It is analyzed that despite the focus on the development of other sectors of the economy, in particular, technology, in most developing countries much of the territory is occupied by the agro-industrial sector, and among the population from 70 to 90% are employed in agriculture. Therefore, it was proved that the development of agriculture will always be relevant and require attention from scientists in various fields of science. This article noted that the structure of the agricultural sector, as well as the specific set of mechanisms of state regulation in different countries is different. At the same time, it is noted that some countries seek intensive development of this sector of the economy, while others suffer losses. In the presented article we have analyzed the current state of agriculture in Ukraine and identified problems that stand in the way of its development; In order to solve the existing problems, the experience of advanced foreign countries, including the United States, the European Union, Canada and Japan, was analyzed, and the factors due to which these countries managed to achieve stable growth in agriculture were identified. Based on the research, practical recommendations were provided, which we propose to take into account in the formation of state regulation of the agricultural sector in Ukraine.

Institutional and Political Antecedents of Interjurisdictional Tax Harmonization: Lessons from Three States

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Hageman ◽  
Donna Bobek Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
State Action ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurs ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Use Tax

ABSTRACT: Within the United States, the current sales and use tax (SUT) system is riddled with complexity, in part because of the lack of coordination between jurisdictions. One vehicle of cooperative state action is the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This study employs an in-depth qualitative analysis of three states to examine the institutional and political influences on a state's decision to adopt legislation conforming to the provisions of this interjurisdictional tax agreement, and the political strategies and tactics used by supporting and opposing interest groups. Relying on interest group theory and institutional theory, case study results indicate that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. The presence of strong institutional entrepreneurs and normative pressures to adopt are also critical. These findings have significant implications for jurisdictions that seek to adopt a consolidated tax base across member states, including the SSUTA, as well as potential harmonization attempts by the European Union.

scholarly journals The Entry Lag of Innovative Drugs in Russia, 2010–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5052
Author(s):  
Alexander Chaplenko ◽  
Geliya Gildeeva ◽  
Vasiliy Vlassov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Drug Registration ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Innovative Drugs

Objective: Evaluation of the lag timelines for the launch of innovative drugs to the Russian market and pharmacoeconomic factors they can depend on. Methods: To complete the investigation, we used information about drug products, namely, dates of submission and approval, and pharmacological groups recovered from national registers and official databases. Results: Due to impacts of market factors and imperfection of the state regulation, original drugs developed abroad enter the Russian market a few years after their registration in the United States of America, the European Union, and Japan. The average time from the moment of initial approval of a drug in the aforementioned countries and jurisdictions to the moment of registration in Russia is 4 years and 8 months, with a median value of 2.5 years. It has been shown that half of this term is spent on the performance of the procedures of the expertise of the drug registration dossier in the Russian Federation. Conclusion: To attain the goal of adequate supplies to the population of the Russian Federation of the most up-to-date, high quality, safe, and efficacious medications, apart from the support of national originators of innovative drugs, we are required to upgrade the existing system of original drug registration. Improvement should be primary focused on the drugs already approved by the leading national regulatory authorities in order to ensure innovative medicine access for Russian patients.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY: A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Fedir Vlasenko ◽  
Yevheniia Levcheniuk ◽  
Dmytro Tovmash
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Synergistic Approach ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article attempts to outline the essence of transformation processes in Ukrainian culture. Analyzed are both positive and negative phenomena in the cultural sphere of modern Ukrainian society. The analysis of culture from the point of view of a synergistic approach, which is based on the provisions of holism, the recognition of the integrity of culture as its immanent property, is supported thanks to and despite differentiation and integration, changes in instability and stability, qualitative changes associated with the emergence of new formations and the preservation of traditional foundations in culture. It is noted that the likelihood of the emergence of new cultural forms and institutions of culture is still not guaranteed to overcome social instability. The level of chaos and risk increases in a situation of changes in the external context for the socio-cultural organism and corresponding changes in culture in society. It is substantiated that the dialectical connection between «chaos and risk», a one-sided interpretation of sociocultural instability arises from an underestimation of the capabilities of culture, many of its components, such as anthropo-socio-cultural systems that self-organize. It has been proved that socio-cultural processes of self-organization allow a certain degree of influence on them, because at one of the stages of development, the «measure of chaos» and «measure of order» are violated, due to which the spontaneity, unstructuredness of changes contribute to the formation of «false attractors» that enhance negative processes and tendencies. Comprehension of the unity of all components of the sociocultural sphere in the integral system of sociocultural reality creates the preconditions for the regulation of contradictory cultural and transformational processes. One of these mechanisms of state regulation is cultural policy. Based on a comparison of the basic principles of cultural policy of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union, it was stated that the latter approve the concepts of «public-private partnership» and «distribution of efforts» between state and non-state sources of funding for culture. One of the main tasks of cultural policy was the desire for democratization, decentralization and development of the cultural life of the population as a whole. In Ukrainian society, the processes of self-organization in culture are activated, there are manifestations of a new social order — civil society and its socio-cultural institutions, a legal state based on democratic principles.

scholarly journals On the Intersectionality of Transnationalism and Citizenship

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Globalized Economy ◽  
Transnational Migrants

Seen positively, transnationalism enriches the cultural, linguistic and religious diversity of many countries and enhances the exchange of goods and services in the increasingly globalized economy. Seen negatively, transnationalism creates disunity in terms of introducing new ethnic, linguistic and religious traditions in developed countries, and poses risks to security and national well being. This paper examines citizenship conceptions, policies and practices directed towards transnational migrants within the European Union, the United States, and Canada. D’un point de vue positif, le transnationalisme enrichit la diversité culturelle, linguistique et religieuse de plusieurs pays et il accroît les échanges de produits et services dans une économie de plus en plus mondialisée. D’un point de vue négatif, le transnationalisme crée des pertes d’unité par l’introduction de nouvelles traditions ethniques, linguistiques et religieuses dans les pays développés, de même qu’il pose des risques à la sécurité et au bien-être national. Cet article examine les conceptions de la citoyenneté, les politiques et les pratiques à l’égard des migrants transnationaux dans l’Union européenne, aux États-Unis et au Canada.

Nature and Enforceability of WTO-plus SPS and TBT Provisions in Canada's PTAs: From NAFTA to CETA

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
GONZALO VILLALTA PUIG ◽  
ERIC D DALKE
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures

AbstractSafety standards can function as non-tariff barriers to trade. Canada is a large exporter of goods and so it has an interest in the regulation of safety standards, both at the multilateral level through its membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, most especially, at the bilateral and regional level through its Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Canada has signed PTAs with provisions that go beyond the obligations of WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This article analyses the nature and enforceability of WTO-plus provisions on sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) as well as product standards (TBT) in Canada's PTAs, from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. First, it finds that the inclusion of WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs is a relatively recent practice that is still in development. Only about half of Canada's PTAs contain WTO-plus SPS and TBT provisions and, those treaties that do, commonly concern institutions for regulatory cooperation and information exchange arrangements, without much commitment to harmonization. Secondly, it finds that nearly half of the SPS and TBT provisions in Canada's PTAs are unenforceable. They either are in a language that is too imprecise for enforcement or do not allow access to a dispute settlement mechanism. Thirdly, it finds that, by global standards, most of Canada's PTAs are modest in their approach to SPS and TBT issues, with NAFTA and CETA as key exceptions. The article concludes that the extent to which regulatory convergence occurs on safety standards for Canada is dependent more on political cooperation between the parties than on the nature and enforceability of SPS and TBT provisions in its PTAs.

The ReliantHeart aVAD©

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Bryan E. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Heart ◽  
Guide Vane ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Artificial Heart ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ventricular Assist ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Axial Flow Pump ◽  
And Performance

The ReliantHeart aVAD© is a new intraventricular axial flow pump with pumping components that fit within the inflow cannula of the ventricular assist device (VAD). The aVAD© is an improvement over its predecessor, the extra-ventricular HeartAssist5 (HA5)™. The pumping components, inflow guide vane, impeller, and diffuser of the aVAD© are identical to those in the HA5, which in turn were derived from the original collaboration between Baylor College of Medicine and NASA. The current device provides excellent physiologic support for patients in end-stage heart failure and provides advanced ultrasonic flow measurements and performance data for wireless remote monitoring. In 2011 and 2012, the aVAD© was used successfully in calf studies as an artificial heart, with each ventricle being replaced by a modified HA5 VAD©. The two predecessor aVADs© were placed vertically, side by side, which provided a more compact total artificial heart with formable outflow graft protectors directed to the aorta and pulmonary artery. An ultrasonic flow probe accurately measures flow under all conditions, even in implants in place for years. The probe indicates flow in the range of –4 to +10 L/min with >95% accuracy. The probe can determine the relative contributions of the LVAD and native heart to adequate blood flow. The aVAD© meets the safety standards of the European Union and is sold in Europe. The aVAD is not yet available in the United States but is being tested under an FDA investigational device exemption.

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