Economic Life in Late Medieval and Early Modern Spain, 1085–1815

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilario Casado Alonso ◽  
Teofilo F. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Late Medieval

The period between 1085 to 1815 witnessed important transformations in Spain’s economic history. The transition from a frontier society to one of the largest empires in the world was soon followed by its subsequent decline. During Spain’s Middle Ages two kinds of economies, societies and political structures, existed side by side: One represented by the various Muslim kingdoms and another by the Christians. Their frontiers shifted constantly between 1035 and 1212 to the detriment of Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), concluding with the conquest of Granada in 1492. Economic dynamism resulted in Christian expansion, reflected in demographic, agricultural, livestock, and commercial growth during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries and comparable to that of other medieval kingdoms. Under the stress of the mid-14th-century crisis (plagues, wars, and civil conflicts), economic growth came to a partial halt in the second half of the century. Yet, unlike other areas in Europe, the late medieval crisis had less of an impact in Spain, differently affecting some of the Iberian realms. After the second third of the 15th century, as it was the case in Portugal, the economy in the Crown of Castile began to grow once more. Castile became the demographic and economic hub of Spain to the detriment of other areas, such as Catalonia, Navarra, or Aragón, which had been more developed in earlier times. The Catholic Monarchs’ rule and their reforms made Spain one of the most prosperous economies in Europe and the center of a sprawling empire. The colonisation of the Americas and the Philippines with their untold wealth further bolstered Spain’s economy. As a result, most researchers agree that Spain reached the height of its economic growth in the mid-16th century, although in a number of regions growth extended into the 1580s. Based mostly in agriculture, the economy also benefitted from the development of crafts and, above all, trade, generating vast tax revenue for the Habsburg monarchy’s expansive policy of war. After the late 16th century, however, the Spanish economy began to show signs of fatigue, leading to severe crisis that lasted until at least the mid-17th century. This recession heralded a major shift in Spain’s history. Whereas it was the inland areas of Spain that were the most populated and wealthy during the 12th and 13th centuries, these areas were also most affected by the crisis, while the coastal regions would be the first to emerge from the recession. Although Spain failed to reach the heights attained in other countries such as Britain, France, or the Netherlands, an economic revival occurred during the 18th century, moving the Spanish economy beyond what it had been during the final third of the 16th century. Nonetheless, as had occurred in the 17th century, coastal areas developed more intensely than inland, leading to the economic geography of modern-day Spain.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

scholarly journals Maciej Ziemierski, Testamenty krakowskiej rodziny Królików z XVII w.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 11-41
Author(s):  
Maciej Ziemierski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Town ◽  
Distinguished Member

17th century testaments of the Królik family from Krakow The article is dedicated to the Królik family from Krakow, who lived in the town from the late 16th century until the first years of the 18th century. The family members initially worked as tailors, later reinforcing the group of Krakow merchants in the third generation (Maciej Królik). Wojciech Królik – from the fourth generation – was a miner in Olkusz. The text omits the most distinguished member of the family, Wojciech’s oldest brother, the Krakow councillor Mikołaj Królik, whose figure has been covered in a separate work. The work shows the complicated religious relations in the family of non-Catholics, initially highly engaged in the life of the Krakow Congregation, but whose members gradually converted from Evangelism to Catholicism. As a result, Wojciech Królik and his siblings became Catholics. This work is complemented by four testaments of family members, with the first, Jakub Królik’s, being written in 1626 and the last one, Wojciech Królik’s, written in 1691.

The first Russian dictionaries

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Н.Е. Касьяненко
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Alphabetical Order ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Статья посвящена истории развития словарного дела на Руси и появлению первых словарей. Затрагиваются первые, несловарные формы описания лексики в письменных памятниках XI–XVII вв. (глоссы), из которых черпался материал для собственно словарей. Анализируются основные лексикографические жанры этого времени и сложение на их основе азбуковников. В статье уделено внимание таким конкретным лексикографическим произведениям, как ономастикону «Рѣчь жидовскаго «зыка» (XVIII в.), словарям-символикам «Толк о неразумнех словесех» (XV в.) и «Се же приточне речеся», произвольнику, объясняющему славянские слова, «Тлъкование нεоудобь познаваεмомъ въ писаныхъ рѣчемь» (XIV в.), разговорнику «Рѣчь тонкословія греческаго» (ХV в.). Характеризуется словарь Максима Грека «Толкованіе именамъ по алфавиту» (XVI в.). Предметом более подробного освещения стал «Лексис…» Л. Зизания – первый печатный словарь на Руси. На примерах дается анализ его реестровой и переводной частей. Рассматривается известнейший труд П. Берынды «Лексикон славеноросский и имен толкование», а также рукописный «Лексикон латинский…» Е. Славинецкого, являющий собой образец переводного словаря XVII в. The article is dedicated to the history of the development of vocabulary in Russia and the emergence of the first dictionaries. The first, non-verbar forms of description of vocabulary in written monuments of the 11th and 17th centuries (glosses), from which material for the dictionaries themselves were drawn, are affected. The main lexicographical genres of this time are analyzed and the addition of alphabets on their basis. The article focuses on specific lexicographical works such as the «Zhidovskago» (18th century) the dictionaries-symbols of «The Talk of Unreasonable Words» (the 15th century). and «The Same Speech», an arbitrary explanation of slavic words, «The tlution of the cognition in the written», (the 14th century), the phrasebook «Ry subtle Greek» (the 15th century). Maxim Greck's dictionary «Tolkien names in alphabetical order» (16th century) is characterized. The subject of more detailed coverage was «Lexis...» L. Sizania is the first printed dictionary in Russia. Examples give analysis of its registry and translation parts. The famous work of P. Berynda «Lexicon of Slavic and Names of Interpretation» and the handwritten «Lexicon Latin...» are considered. E. Slavinecki, which is a model of the 17th century translated dictionary.

From Research on the Literary Hermeneutics

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-84
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Demin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
The Aesthetic

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.

5. France

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Gordon Campbell
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Garden Design ◽  
Distinctive Features

‘France’ explains how in early French estates the house and garden were usually designed independently. Distinctive features of 16th-century French gardens were the presence of a canal and plantings arranged in the flat ornamental flower gardens known as parterres. The apogee of French garden art is the 17th-century formal garden known as the jardin à la française, characterized by geometry. The greatest and most influential exponent was André Le Nôtre, who was responsible for the gardens at Versailles. The principal innovations of the 18th century were the jardin anglo-chinois, the ferme ornée, the fabrique, and the jardin anglais. French garden design in the 19th and 20th centuries is also discussed.

From ritual to metaphor

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgen Galona
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Initial Representation

A study of the genealogy of the concept of victim ( victima), originally an object of sacrifice [ritualistic meaning], reveals how it became a metaphorical label for a harmed party [figural meaning]. This article rejects the idea presented in earlier scholarship, that the figural meaning of victim (‘a harmed party’) emerged through the interpretation of Christ’s death in terms of sacrifice within Christian theology. It also seeks to demonstrate that it was not the initial representation of the Passion as a sacrifice that encouraged convergence between the meanings of victim, but rather changes in the presentation of the Crucifixion in late medieval piety. From the High Middle Ages, the marginal figural meaning gradually overcame the original religious one and by the 18th century it had become a primary sense that disconnected the victim from a ritualistic context.

scholarly journals Expansão urbana da vila de Cascais no século XVII e XVIII: a intervenção arqueológica na Rua da Vitória nº 15 a 17

2020 ◽  
pp. 1975-1986
Author(s):  
Tiago Pereira ◽  
Vanessa Filipe
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Village ◽  
Previous Occupation

The archaeological intervention at Rua da Vitória 15-17, Cascais, was motivated by an urban rehabilitation project for a buldind located nearby the center of the village. The original bulding foundation date from late 17th century and 18th century, above a series of deposits containing ceramics, fauna, glass and metals as a result of landfill of domestic waste. Between these deposits we registered several small pits used as household waste disposal. The previous occupation in this area corresponds to a minor agricultural production from 15th or 16th century probably a small vineyard field. We report were evidence of the urban expansion of ancient village of Cascais occurred since 16th century, and the development of urban area to open areas of landfill.

scholarly journals ИСТОРИЈА ЈЕДНЕ КАРТОГРАФСКЕ ЗАБЛУДЕ – ЕРШОМЉО (ВРШАЦ) НА СТАРИМ ГЕОГРАФСКИМ КАРТАМА HISTORY OF A CARTOGRAPHIC MISCONCEPTION – ÉRSOMLYÓ (VRŠAC) IN OLD GEOGRAPHIC MAPS

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-188
Author(s):  
Александар Крстић
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

У раду се анализирају старе географске карте, настале од осмадесетих година XV до половине XVIII века, на којима су приказани тврђава или насеље Ершомљо. Иако је овај јужнобанатски град после пада под османску власт (1552) током друге половине XVI столећа трајно променио име у Вршац, Ершомљо је и даље упорно приказиван у бројним картографским публикацијама насталим у западној Европи у наведеном периоду. Услед погрешног преузимања података са старих карата и непознавања савремене географије европске Турске, па тако ни Баната, Ершомљо је на анализираним картама најчешће лоциран знатно источније, некада и на саму границу Баната према Трансилванији и Влашкој. Од друге половине XVII века, а посебно у време Великог бечког рата, на европским географским картама почиње да се појављује и Вршац. Међутим, на неким картама из овог периода механички су преношени подаци са старијих карата, па је паралелно с Вршцем уцртаван и Ершомљо. The paper analyses old geographic maps, created from the 1480s until the mid-18th century, which show the fortress or settlement of Érsomlyó. Although this south Banat town, after its fall under Ottoman rule (1552) permanently changed its name into Vršac in the second half of the 16th century, Érsomlyó was still persistently shown in numerous cartographic publications created in Western Europe in this period. Due to erroneous copying of data from old maps and the lack of knowledge about the contemporary geography of European Turkey, including Banat, in the analysed maps Érsomlyó is most often located much more eastward, sometimes on the very border of Banat towards Transylvania and Wallachia. From the second half of the 17th century, particularly at the time of the Great Turkish War, Vršac also began to appear in European geographic maps. However, data from older maps were mechanically transferred to some maps from this period, and Érsomlyó was inscribed in parallel with Vršac.

Nizhny Novgorod Crown Villages of the 16–17th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Sokolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Service Organization ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Crown Lands

Studying the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages of the 16-17th century allows to get a more complete understanding of one of the main categories of land ownership in the late Middle Ages and the early Modern Age, of crown land ownership and economy, and on the economic situation and social status of the Russian agrarian social stratum usually denoted in historiography as “crown peasants”. A long, painstaking identification of sources, their priority over interpretations existing in the literature, a multilevel, systematic analysis of a complex of various historical documents, supplemented by retrospective mapping, led to a revision of some well-established and seemingly unshakable views on the history of the crown villages in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region. The introduction of the ancient Nizhny Novgorod scribal books by M.A. Zhedrinsky and scribe Karp Ignatiev (1533) into the scientific circulation revealed some local features of the formation of the so-called crown volosts, which are considered by the author within the framework of the grand prince “service organization” concept. A certain conservation of the mechanisms inherent to the “service organization” in this territory, apparently, was due to its border position. The frontier largely determined the main tendencies and specifics of agrarian settlement on the grand prince / tsar (later — crown) lands of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region before its transformation into a “hinterland” region. The influence of the frontier should be studied in historical retrospective, since it was during the period under review that the border was significantly moved to the east. If earlier its proximity that was the main factor of agrarian settlement, now the soil-geographical and natural-climatic conditions, which differ in different parts of the Balakhninsky, Kurmyshsky and Nizhny Novgorod districts, came to the fore. A representative description of the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages required a comprehensive consideration of a number of interrelated problems of the crown land tenure and economy. The most significant are issues related to the nature of land ownership, changes in the composition of the fund of grand prince / tsar / crown lands and methods of their use, the structure and functioning of the crown economy, transformations in the management system of crown estates, forms of rent extraction, as well as the peculiarities of the relationship of the crown prikaz with various social groups living in the Nizhny Novgorod crown lands - peasants, bobs, “serving men”, “serving Mordovians”. The analysis of sources shows that the so-called crown economy in the 17th century ensured the satisfaction of the needs of not only (and not so much) the royal family, but the state and the ruling class as a whole, i.e. it was not exclusively domain. A deeper understanding of the social nature of the crown villages, the specifics of economic life and the peculiarities of the social organization of the crown peasants became an important result of the study. A mass peasant colonization of the region, which became relatively safe after the annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan, led to a gradual erasure of differences in status between, on the one hand, the lower stratum of the grand prince “service organization” (unprivileged “servants under the court”, beekeepers, salters and woodworkers), “service Mordovians” and peasants on quitrents, and on the other - peasants-farmers of the old grand-prince villages and the “newcomers” who moved there from the uezds of the Central and Northwestern Russia. Prerequisites were made for their convergence and amalgamation in the seventeenth century into a single category of the crown peasantry. An important consequence of peasant agricultural settlement was the expansion of the territory with a polyethnic population, for the most part composed of the Russians and the Mordovians-Erzya. The study of the various categories of the rural population, their living conditions and the specifics of their economy, made it possible to fill our understanding of the peasant life (and, more broadly, the rural mir) of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region of the 16-17th century with concrete content, historical everyday life. Contrary to the point of view expressed in historiography, pogosts as social and religious centers of crown volosts existed throughout the period under consideration both in the Trans-Volga region and on the right bank of the Oka and Volga. Sources related to the territories of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region provide a unique opportunity to trace the processes of the formation of a obschina-volost here. In the 17th century, the rural “world” on the Uzola river is formed, as, probably, in other places of the Nizhny Novgorod frontier, from “service beekeepers” and migrant peasants, for a long time continuing to remain an open social structure, open to non-agricultural elements. Its gradual transformation into a peasant community-volost, homogeneous in its social composition, takes place in the second half of the 16th century. The territorial prevalence of obschina in the Nizhny Novgorod crown estates in the 16-17th century is certain. Peasant self-government, usually hardly perceptible in the sources of this period, is recorded in the Nizhny Novgorod crown villages at the level of both the volost and the rural obschina. In general, the genesis of the peasant obschina-volost in the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region was typologically close to that known from the sources on the Russian North and Siberia. The observations and conclusions of this study obviously outgrow the local level, organically fitting into the all-Russian context, opening up new opportunities for studying the history of an agrarian society which Russia was in the late Middle Ages and the early Modem Age.

Italy and the Economic Development of England in the Middle Ages

1951 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Postan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Logical Validity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Economic Leadership ◽  
The Middle Ages

I was asked to illustrate the effects of the economic leadership of adAvanced nations by an example drawn from English economic history in the Middle Ages. I have accordingly chosen the subject of Italian contribution to the economic development of medieval England. What prompted this choice was not only the contribution that the Italians in fact made but also the contribution that they are reputed to have made. Indeed their reputation for economic leadership interests me as much as their achievement. For if their reputation and their achievement are collated, something more interesting than a mere illustration of economic leadership may emerge. The illustration may well turn into a cautionary example. I hope I shall not appear immodest or perverse if I suggest that the Italian example may help to circumscribe the historical and the logical validity of the entire concept of economic leadership. For the concept that appears to mean something in historical accounts of economic forms is apt to dissolve as soon as we reach out to the fundamental forces and processes of economic growth.

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