Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate measured in a whole-body indirect calorimeter in Gambian men

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Minghelli ◽  
Y Schutz ◽  
A Charbonnier ◽  
R Whitehead ◽  
E Jéquier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Whole Body

Energy expenditure and substrate metabolism measured by 24 h whole-body calorimetry in patients receiving cyclic and continuous total parenteral nutrition

1991 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pullicino ◽  
G. R. Goldberg ◽  
M. Elia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Activity Energy ◽  
Resting Energy

1. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure and its components, i.e. ‘basal metabolic rate', activity energy expenditure and diet-induced thermogenesis were measured, using continuous whole-body indirect calorimetry, in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition while in remission from Crohn's disease (weight 51.9 ± 9.9 kg, body mass index 19.2 ± 2.0 kg/m2). 2. Total parenteral nutrition was infused continuously over 24 h in four subjects and cyclically, between 22.00 and 10.00 hours, in eight subjects. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure (6.83 ± 1.10 MJ/24 h) was lower than total energy intake (10.09 ± 1.63 MJ/24 h), resulting in a positive energy balance (3.26 ± 1.42 MJ) in all subjects. Repeated measurements of resting energy expenditure in the continuously fed subjects (5.82 ± 1.11 MJ/24 h) did not change significantly at different times of day (coefficient of variation 2.2–6.6%). In contrast, in cyclically fed subjects, resting energy expenditure was 24.2 ± 9.0% higher towards the end of the 12 h feeding period than the ‘basal metabolic rate', which was measured just before the start of the feeding period. 3. Diet-induced thermogenesis, calculated as the increment in resting energy expenditure above ‘basal metabolic rate’ over the 24 h period (adjusted for the reduction in energy expenditure during sleep), was found to be 0.60 ± 0.29 MJ or 6.1 ± 3.1% of the energy intake. 4. The energy cost of activity (activity energy expenditure) in the continuously fed patients, calculated as the difference between 24 h energy expenditure and the integrated 24 h measurements of resting energy expenditure, was 0.88 ± 0.53 MJ, i.e. 12.9 ± 5.9% of the 24 h energy expenditure. 5. The non-protein nonglycerol respiratory quotient exceeded 1.0 for varying periods of time (0.5–17 h) in 11 subjects, indicating net lipogenesis from carbohydrate. 6. The results demonstrate favourable rates of deposition, during intravenous feeding, of both energy and nitrogen over a 24 h period in patients recovering from an episode of Crohn's disease. The efficacy of these commonly used total parenteral nutrition regimens in these patients is related to three features that are absent in normal healthy individuals, namely a low basal metabolic rate, a low activity-related energy expenditure and prolonged periods of lipogenesis from carbohydrate.

The standard energetics of mammalian carnivores: Felidae and Hyaenidae

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 2227-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K McNab
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Basal Rate ◽  
The Family ◽  
Small Muscle ◽  
Arboreal Habit ◽  
High Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Low Rate

Data concerning the energy expenditure of nine species in the family Felidae and one species in the family Hyaenidae are presented, all of which were obtained under standard conditions. An examination of basal rates of metabolism in these felids and in two species reported in the literature indicates that basal rate is primarily correlated with body mass; of these species, nine have a high basal metabolic rate by general mammalian standards, the two exceptions being the margay and jaguarundi. The low basal metabolic rate of the margay may be related to its arboreal habit in association with small muscle mass, but the reason for the low rate in the jaguarundi is unknown. The omnivorous striped hyaena and termitivorous aardwolf have typical mammalian basal rates. Felids that weigh less than 7 kg have slightly low minimal thermal conductances relative to mammals generally; larger species have high conductances. Felids have slightly high body temperatures.

Skeletal muscle thermogenesis enables aquatic life in the smallest marine mammal

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6551) ◽  
pp. 223-225
Author(s):  
Traver Wright ◽  
Randall W. Davis ◽  
Heidi C. Pearson ◽  
Michael Murray ◽  
Melinda Sheffield-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Basal metabolic rate generally scales with body mass in mammals, and variation from predicted levels indicates adaptive metabolic remodeling. As a thermogenic adaptation for living in cool water, sea otters have a basal metabolic rate approximately three times that of the predicted rate; however, the tissue-level source of this hypermetabolism is unknown. Because skeletal muscle is a major determinant of whole-body metabolism, we characterized respiratory capacity and thermogenic leak in sea otter muscle. Compared with that of previously sampled mammals, thermogenic muscle leak capacity was elevated and could account for sea otter hypermetabolism. Muscle respiratory capacity was modestly elevated and reached adult levels in neonates. Premature metabolic development and high leak rate indicate that sea otter muscle metabolism is regulated by thermogenic demand and is the source of basal hypermetabolism.

scholarly journals Changes in energy expenditure during the menstrual cycle

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Bisdee ◽  
W. P. T. James ◽  
M. A. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Basal Body Temperature ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Late Follicular Phase ◽  
Exercise Efficiency

1. Eight women were studied under metabolic-ward conditions while consuming a constant diet throughout a single menstrual cycle. Basal body temperature, salivary and urinary hormone concentrations were used in monitoring the cycle and designing the study so that whole-body calorimetry for 36 h was conducted at four phases of the cycle in relation to the time of ovulation.2. The metabolic rate during sleep showed cyclical changes, being lowest in the late follicular phase and highest in the late luteal phase. The increase amounted to 6.1 (SD 2.7)%. Energy expenditure (24 h) also increased but the change was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Exercise efficiency did not change during the cycle.3. There were no significant changes in plasma thyroxine, 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine or free 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine concentrations to explain the metabolic rate changes; nor did they relate to urinary luteinizing hormone, pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide or oestrone-3-glucuronide excretion rates. No link with salivary cortisol or progesterone concentrations was observed, but there was a small inverse relation between the individual increase in sleeping metabolic rate and the subjects' falling ratio of urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide: pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide.

scholarly journals Seasonal Energetics of Mountain Chickadees and Juniper Titmice

The Condor ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Poecile Gambeli ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Metabolic Data ◽  
Mountain Chickadees

Abstract I used behavioral, meteorological, and laboratory metabolism data to calculate daily energy expenditure (DEE) in seasonally acclimatized Mountain Chickadees (Poecile gambeli) and Juniper Titmice (Baeolophus griseus). Analyses of laboratory metabolic data revealed that foraging energy requirements were not significantly higher than alert perching energy requirements. Respective DEE of chickadees and titmice were 48.8 kJ day−1 and 48.3 kJ day−1 in summer and 66.3 kJ day−1 and 98.7 kJ day−1 in winter. DEE as a multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was 2.31 in summer chickadees and 1.91 in summer titmice. DEE was 2.70 times BMR in winter chickadees and 3.43 times BMR in winter titmice. The marked increase in calculated DEE in winter birds compared to summer is in contrast to a pattern of increased DEE in the breeding season for several avian species. These data suggest that winter may be a period of even greater stringency for small birds than previously believed.

Whole Body Protein Turnover in Chronically Undernourished Individuals

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soares ◽  
L. S. Piers ◽  
P. S. Shetty ◽  
A. A. Jackson ◽  
J. C. Waterlow
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Chronic Undernutrition

1. Two groups of adult men were studied in Bangalore, India, under identical conditions: the ‘normal weight’ subjects (mean body mass index 20.8 kg/m2) were medical students of the institute with access to habitual energy and protein intakes ad libitum. The other group, designated ‘undernourished’, were labourers on daily wages (mean body mass index 16.7 kg/m2). 2. In an earlier study we obtained lower absolute values for both basal metabolic rate and protein synthesis in the undernourished subjects; however, when the data were expressed on a body weight or fat-free mass basis, a trend towards higher rates of protein synthesis, as well as higher basal metabolic rate, was evident. The suggestion was made that such results reflected the relatively higher energy intakes per kg body weight of the undernourished subjects on the day of study. The objective of the present study was therefore to control for the dietary intake during the measurement of whole body protein turnover. 3. In the present study dietary intakes were equated on a body weight basis; however, expressed per kg fat-free mass, the normal weight subjects had received marginally higher intakes of energy and protein. The results, however, were similar to those of the previous study. In absolute terms, basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis and breakdown were lower in the undernourished subjects. When expressed per kg body weight or per kg fat-free mass, the undernourished subjects had higher basal metabolic rates than the well-nourished subjects, whereas no differences were seen in the rate of protein synthesis or breakdown. 4. Estimates of muscle mass, based on creatinine excretion, indicated that the undernourished subjects had a higher proportion of non-muscle to muscle mass. Nitrogen flux (Q) was determined from 15N abundance in two end products, urea (Qu) and ammonia (Qa). The ratio Qu/Qa was increased in the undernourished subjects and was significantly correlated with the ratio of non-muscle to muscle mass (r = 0.81; P < 0.005). These results fit in with our earlier suggestion of a greater proportion of non-muscle (visceral) mass in undernourished subjects. 5. The present data suggest that there are no changes in the rate of protein synthesis or breakdown in chronic undernutrition when results are expressed, conventionally, per kg fat-free mass. It can be theoretically shown, however, that there could be a 15% reduction in the rate of turnover of the visceral tissues in chronic undernutrition. This, together with the reduced urinary nitrogen excretion, would contribute to nitrogen economy in these individuals.

Fat feeding causes widespread in vivo insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, and obesity in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (5) ◽  
pp. E576-E583 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Storlien ◽  
D. E. James ◽  
K. M. Burleigh ◽  
D. J. Chisholm ◽  
E. W. Kraegen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Glucose Output ◽  
Fat Feeding

High levels of dietary fat may contribute to both insulin resistance and obesity in humans but evidence is limited. The euglycemic clamp technique combined with tracer administration was used to study insulin action in vivo in liver and individual peripheral tissues after fat feeding. Basal and nutrient-stimulated metabolic rate was assessed by open-circuit respirometry. Adult male rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets high in either carbohydrate (69% of calories; HiCHO) or fat (59% of calories; HiFAT) for 24 +/- 1 days. Feeding of the HiFAT diet resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in net whole-body glucose utilization at midphysiological insulin levels (90-100 mU/l) due to both reduced glucose disposal and, to a lesser extent, failure to suppress liver glucose output. Major suppressive effects of the HiFAT diet on glucose uptake were found in oxidative skeletal muscles (29-61%) and in brown adipose tissue (BAT; 78-90%), the latter accounting for over 20% of the whole-body effect. There was no difference in basal metabolic rate but thermogenesis in response to glucose ingestion was higher in the HiCHO group. In contrast to their reduced BAT weight, the HiFAT group accumulated more white adipose tissue, consistent with reduced energy expenditure. HiFAT feeding also resulted in major decreases in basal and insulin-stimulated conversion of glucose to lipid in liver (26-60%) and brown adipose tissue (88-90%) with relatively less effect in white adipose (0-43%). We conclude that high-fat feeding results in insulin resistance due mainly to effects in oxidative skeletal muscle and BAT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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