Social Perception of Facial Feminization Surgery Outcomes: Does Gender Identity Alter Gaze?

Abstract Background The evaluation of gender-affirming facial feminization surgery (FFS) outcomes can be highly subjective, which has resulted in a limited understanding of the social perception of favorable gender and aesthetic facial appearance following these procedures. The growing use of eye-tracking technology in the assessment of surgical outcomes has introduced an objective measure of viewer subconscious gaze, which may provide more insight into how viewer characteristics may influence gaze, attention and perception of favorable FFS outcomes. Objective In this study, eye-tracking technology was used to measure attention and perception of surgery naïve cisgender female and feminized transgender faces, based on viewer gender identity. Methods Thirty-two participants (18 cisgender and 14 transgender) were enrolled and shown five photos each of surgery naïve cisgender female and feminized transgender faces. Gaze was captured using the Tobii X2 60 eye-tracking device (Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden) and participants rated the gender and aesthetic appearance of each face using Likert-type scales. Results Total image gaze fixation time did not differ by participant gender identity (6.00 vs 6.04 sec, p = 0.889), however, transgender participants spent more time evaluating the forehead/brow, buccal/mandibular regions and chin (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed significant associations between viewer gender identity, age, race, and education and the time spent evaluating gender salient facial features. Feminized faces were rated as more masculine with poorer aesthetic appearance than surgery naïve cisgender female faces, however, there was no significant difference in the distribution of gender appearance ratings assigned to each photo by cisgender and transgender participants. Conclusions These results demonstrate that gender identity influences subconscious attention and gaze on female faces. Even so, differences in gaze distribution did not correspond to subjective rated gender appearance for either surgery naïve cisgender female or feminized transgender faces, further illustrating the complexity of evaluating social perception of favorable FFS outcomes.

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Prospective Observational Study of an Eye-tracking Device for Under 12 Months of Age Infants; the Feasibility of Gazefinder

10.21203/rs.3.rs-149203/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomoo Takahashi ◽

Kazuki Tsukamoto ◽

Misaki Matsumura ◽

Ryo Takigawa ◽

Yasuo Sakai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Positive Association ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Developmental Problems ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Abstract Eye-tracking to evaluate gaze patterns has developed as an assessment tool for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Gazefinder is one of Eye-tracking devices and few studies have investigated whether it can measure the gaze data of infants under 12 months of age. We conducted a prospective observational study from April 2019 to March 2020 in a periodic health checkup in Ohchi County, Shimane, Japan. Participants included infants between 4 and 11 months of age who were not suspected the presence of developmental problems. Ninety-three participants’ datapoints were analyzed. The mean age was 6.5 months and mean developmental quotient was 88%. The mean fixation time percentage of all sequences was 81.0% (standard deviation; 4.4), and there was no significant difference in each age group. Infants in all groups showed a significantly higher predilection for eyes than for mouths. There was a positive association of age with human gaze and a negative association with geometric gaze. Moreover, we confirmed that joint attention skills were enhanced in accordance with their growth process. The eye-tracking data were almost corresponding to previous studies’ data of infant with typical development and Gazefinder could be applied to infants starting at 4 months of age.

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Screening for Stereopsis Using an Eye-Tracking Glasses-Free Display in Adults: A Pilot Study

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.814908 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Fang Liu ◽

Jing Zhao ◽

Tian Han ◽

Yang Shen ◽

Meng Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

High Myopia ◽

Patient Acceptance ◽

Test Results ◽

Display System ◽

Visual Fatigue ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Good Consistency ◽

Good Repeatability ◽

Tracking Technology

Purpose:To explore the feasibility and repeatability of a novel glasses-free display combined with random-dot stimulus and eye-tracking technology for screening stereopsis in adults.Methods:A total of 74 patients aged 18–44 years were recruited in this study (male: female, 32:42), including 33 patients with high myopia [≤ -6.0 diopters (D)] and 41 patients with moderate-to-low myopia (>-6.0 D). Stereopsis was measured using glasses-free, polarized, and Titmus stereotests. All patients completed a visual fatigue questionnaire after the polarized stereotest and glasses-free test. Kendall's W and Cohen's Kappa tests were used to evaluate repeatability and consistency of the glasses-free stereotest.Results:The stereotest results using the glasses-free monitor showed strong repeatability in the three consecutive tests (W = 0.968, P < 0.01) and good consistency with the polarized stereotest and Titmus test results (vs. polarization: Kappa = 0.910, P < 0.001; vs. Titmus: Kappa = 0.493, P < 0.001). Stereopsis levels of the high myopia group were significantly poorer than those of the moderate-to-low myopia group in three stereotest monitors (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in visual fatigue level between the polarized and the glasses-free display test (P = 0.72). Compared with the polarized test, 56.76% of patients preferred the glasses-free display and found it more comfortable, 20.27% reported both tests to be acceptable.Conclusions:In our adult patients, the new eye-tracking glasses-free display system feasibly screened stereopsis with good repeatability, consistency, and patient acceptance.

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Using eye-tracking to quantify the impact of prostate cancer treatments on male libido: A pilot study.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.231 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 231-231

Author(s):

Charlenn Skead ◽

Vivian Tsang ◽

Jaime L Palmer-Hague ◽

Richard J Wassersug ◽

Eleni Nasiopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Sexual Interest ◽

Objective Measure ◽

Breast Size ◽

Heterosexual Men ◽

Implicit Measure ◽

Cancer Treatments ◽

The Impact ◽

Tracking Technology

231 Background: Eye-tracking research has demonstrated that heterosexual men with normal testosterone levels attend visually to features of women associated with fertility, notably their breast size and waist to hip ratio. As such, eye-tracking data can serve as an implicit measure of a man’s libido. Many treatments for prostate cancer (PCa)—in particular androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)—depress sexual interest in men, but there is no objective measure of the intensity of this effect. Here we explore whether eye-tracking can be used to quantify the impact of PCa treatments on men’s libido. Methods: We used an IRB-approved deception protocol to explore the validity of eye-tracking technology for assessing the level of sexual interest of PCa patients and normal controls. Three age-matched groups of heterosexual men aged 50 years and older were recruited. They were: PCa patients using ADT, PCa patients not using ADT, and healthy controls. Unaware that their eye movements were being tracked, all were exposed to photographs of female models, either fully clothed (neutral) or minimally clothed (sexy). Number and duration of eye fixations on target areas of the female models’ bodies were recorded. Results: Trends observed in our preliminary data suggest that men on ADT exhibit differential patterns of visual attention to sexual stimuli compared to men in the other two groups. Although confirmation with a larger sample size is required, such shifts in attention may provide an objective measure of the influence of cancer treatments on the libido of PCa patients. Conclusions: Eye-tracking technology may provide a reliable and objective technique for measuring the libido of cancer patients. Such data could help patients be better informed about psychological side effects when making treatment decisions. They could also lead to ways to both study and reduce the impact of PCa treatments on men’s sexual interest.

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Eye-tracking Study of Reading Speed from LCD Displays: Influence of Type Style and Type Size

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.8.1.3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gregor Franken ◽

Anja Podlesek ◽

Klementina Možina

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Reading Speed ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Font Size ◽

Character Size ◽

Type Size ◽

Lcd Displays ◽

Tracking Technology

Increasing amounts of text are read from various types of screens. The shape and the size of a typeface determine the legibility of texts. The aim of this study was to investigate the legibility of different typefaces displayed on LCD screens. Two typefaces (Georgia and Verdana), designed for screen renderings were analyzed by eye-tracking technology in 8 different sizes. Regardless of the font size, the texts set in Verdana were read faster. For both typefaces the reading speed increased with increasing the font size. The number of fixations increased with the character size, while the fixation time was shorter.

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Diminished social attention in pediatric brain tumor survivors: Using eye tracking technology during naturalistic social perception.

Neuropsychology ◽

10.1037/neu0000623 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 350-358

Author(s):

Matthew C. Hocking ◽

Julia Parish-Morris ◽

Robert T. Schultz ◽

Jane E. Minturn ◽

Cole Brodsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Tumor ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Social Perception ◽

Pediatric Brain Tumor ◽

Social Attention ◽

Pediatric Brain ◽

Tracking Technology

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An eye-tracking and visual analogue scale attractiveness evaluation of black space between the maxillary central incisors

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.26.1.e211928.oar ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad AL-LAHHAM ◽

Paulo Henrique Couto SOUZA ◽

Caio Seiti MIYOSHI ◽

Sérgio Aparecido IGNÁCIO ◽

Thiago Martins MEIRA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Perception ◽

Visual Analogue Scale ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Analogue Scale ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Aesthetic Perception ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Face ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Aesthetic

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the influence of black space between the maxillary central incisors on the aesthetic visual perception of the face, via eye-tracking and visual analogue scale (VAS). Methods: Black space between the central incisors was created, for both sexes, as follows: control, 1-mm black space, 2-mm black space and 3-mm black space. Ninety raters participated in this study, divided into three groups: 30 laypeople, 30 nonorthodontists, and 30 orthodontists. After the visual calibration of each observer, eight photographs were presented in the Ogama® software concomitant with the use of the hardware The Eye Tribe®. Ogama generated information depending on the eye-tracking of each rater, regarding the time until the first fixation, time of fixation, heatmap, scanpath, and total time of fixation, to evaluate the areas deemed to be of interest according to the raters. Later on, the VAS was used, where each rater evaluated the images in an album on a scale of zero to 10 points. Results: The eyes and mouth were the areas more often noticed by the raters according to the heatmaps, while no significant difference was observed in time until the first fixation between the three groups of raters (p> 0.05). However, regarding the time of fixation on the mouth, a significant difference was observed (p< 0.05) when comparing the three groups. Conclusion: Black space has a negative effect on the aesthetic perception of the face. The amount of attention on the mouth is correspondent to the size of the black space.

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The feasibility of Gazefinder under 12 months of age infants

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89585-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shuntaro Fukushima ◽

Tomoo Takahashi ◽

Kazuki Tsukamoto ◽

Misaki Matsumura ◽

Ryo Takigawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Developmental Problems ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

AbstractEye-tracking to evaluate gaze patterns has developed as an assessment tool for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Gazefinder is one of Eye-tracking devices and few studies have investigated whether it can measure the gaze data of infants under 12 months of age. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study from April 2019 to March 2020 in a periodic health checkup in Ohchi County, Shimane, Japan. Participants included infants between 4 and 11 months of age who were not suspected the presence of developmental problems. Ninety-three participants’ datapoints were analyzed. The mean age was 6.5 months and mean developmental quotient was 88%. The mean fixation time percentage of all sequences was 81.0% (standard deviation; 4.4), and there was no significant difference in each age group. Infants in all groups showed a significantly higher predilection for eyes than for mouths. There was a positive association of age with human gaze and a negative association with geometric gaze. Moreover, we confirmed that joint attention skills were enhanced in accordance with their growth process. The eye-tracking data were almost corresponding to previous studies’ data of infant with typical development and Gazefinder could be applied to infants starting at 4 months of age.

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Exploratory Discoveries from Eye-Tracking Tests of Wertheimer’s Gestalt Patterns

Leonardo ◽

10.1162/leon_a_02005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xinran Hu ◽

Dinko Bačić

Keyword(s):

Visual Perception ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Closure Principle ◽

Critical Difference ◽

Gestalt Principles ◽

Fundamental Distinction ◽

Attention And Perception ◽

Tracking Technology

In this study, we use a novel eye-tracking technology to determine how viewing behavior complies with Wertheimer’s descriptions of Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuation, and closure. Our results show that viewers respond predictably to the most Gestalt principles, while discovering important nuances when it comes to our better understanding of the role of visual attention in closure principle and competing principles. In addition, our results revealed a fundamental distinction between visual attention and visual perception. By grasping this critical difference between attention and perception, designers may become more successful in applying Gestalt principles to their design.

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The Use of Eye Tracking Technology in Aesthetic Surgery: Analyzing Changes in Facial Attention Following Surgery

Aesthetic Surgery Journal ◽

10.1093/asj/sjaa008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 1269-1279

Author(s):

Russell S Frautschi ◽

Nadeera Dawlagala ◽

Eric W Klingemier ◽

Hannah S England ◽

Nicholas R Sinclair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Dwell Time ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Aesthetic Surgery ◽

Facial Rejuvenation ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Postoperative Changes ◽

Areas Of Interest ◽

Tracking Technology

Abstract Background The ability to quantitatively analyze how we look at a face and determine if this changes following facial surgery should be of interest to the plastic surgeon. Eye tracking technology (ETT) provides the ability to record where observers fixate when viewing a facial image, enabling quantitative data to be obtained comparing pre- and postoperative changes. Objectives The authors sought to investigate ETT as a novel outcome assessment tool, determining if facial rejuvenation surgery shifts attention away from the prominent signs of aging, and if so, where this attention shifts. Methods Twenty-five volunteers viewed 32 randomized frontal, oblique, and lateral images of 11 patients pre- and post-facelift. An eye movement monitoring system recorded the observer’s eye position, net dwell time, fixation count, fixation time, and revisits into predefined areas of interest. Data were grouped and analyzed by angle and areas of interest. Paired t tests were employed to detect significant differences in pre- and post-images. Results On frontal images, less dwell time, fixations, and revisits were noted on the bottom third, forehead, perioral region, and neck (P < 0.05). On the lateral view, less visual attention was given to the neck, upper third, and perioral region, with more time in the cheek, nose, and middle third (P < 0.05). On oblique images, less attention was given to the neck and upper lid with more aimed at the middle third of the face (P < 0.05). Conclusions ETT provides quantitative data post-facial rejuvenation. Facial aesthetic surgery does alter where observers look when viewing a face, decreasing the time spent inspecting the prominent signs of aging.

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Prospective Observational Study of an Eye-measuring Device Aiming at Application to Periodic Health Checkups for Under 12 Months of age Infants; The Feasibility of Gazefinder

10.21203/rs.3.rs-127430/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shuntaro Fukushima ◽

Tomoo Takahashi ◽

Kazuki Tsukamoto ◽

Misaki Matsumura ◽

Ryo Takigawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Positive Association ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Measuring Device ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Eye-tracking to evaluate gaze patterns is effective screening and assessment tool for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Gazefinder, one of eye-tracking devices is can be easily and quickly used. Few studies have investigated whether Gazefinder can be applied to infants under 12 months of age, and then we examined the feasibility of this device in this age group aiming at applications to periodic health checkups for early identification of ASD in the future. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study from April 2019 to March 2020 that included infants between 4 and 11 months of age who underwent a periodic health checkup in Ohchi County, Shimane, Japan. Data on participants’ sex, age, gestational age, birth weight, and Japanese Developmental Quotient (DQ; the Enjoji Scale) were collected. We presented nine patterns of short movies, and measuring the gaze data, fixation time percentages, and patterns. Results Infants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited, and 93 gaze datapoints were analyzed. The mean age was 6.5 months and mean DQ was 88%. Subjects were divided into four groups by age: 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10-11 months. The mean fixation time percentage of all sequences was 81.0% (standard deviation; 4.4), and there was no significant difference in each group. Infants in all groups showed a significantly higher predilection for eyes than for mouths. There was a positive association of age with human gaze and a negative association with geometric gaze. Moreover, we confirmed that joint attention skills were enhanced in accordance with their growth process. Conclusions The eye-tracking data were almost corresponding to previous studies and Gazefinder could be applied to infants starting at 4 months of age. For ASD screening in early infancy, more researches are needed.

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