Environmental Impact of Increased Adherence to SENC Food Based Dietary Guidelines in the Average Dietary Patterns in Spain

Abstract Objectives To analyze estimated changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, cropland use and freshwater use of greater adherence to recommendations in Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) issued by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC) in average dietary patterns in Spain. Methods The data analyzed was drawn from the ENPE study (n = 6800), a cross-sectional study conducted on a random population sample of Spanish population (2015). Dietary intake data was collected by means of a validated 210-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A score of adherence to recommendations in SENC FBDG (DG score) was computed (DG score range 0 to 16). Based on food group intake and adherence to each quantitative recommendation, we estimated food group consumption for a 20% increase in adherence to FBDGs. We calculated the potential environmental impact for those estimates, considering data available on crop specific environmental footprints for greenhouse gas emissions, cropland use and freshwater use. Results SENC FBDGs were formulated in tune with current food, cultural, gastronomic, and economic context. Changes in usual diets that people could comfortably afford in the short and medium term were suggested. Mean adherence DG score in this sample was 7.43 ± 1.94 (median = 7). Dietary changes required for increased adherence DG score included decreased consumption of red and processed meats as well as sugary foods and beverages. In addition, higher consumption of whole grains, fish, eggs, legumes, fruit, vegetables and nuts. Such dietary changes were estimated to contribute to 24% reduction in GHG emissions, but 16% increase in cropland use and 25% in freshwater use. Conclusions FBDG are useful tools for preventive actions and health promotion, helpful for guidance in health, education, and community settings. Despite limited evidence, increased adherence to SENC FBDGs can contribute to reduce GHG emissions. Analysis of impact on a variety of indicators of sustainability, comprehensive food system view and consumer involvement are needed to gain adherence to FBDGs and additional impact on sustainability. Funding Sources Non-for-profit Eroski Foundation funded the ENPE study field work in collaboration with SPRIM. Funders had no role in data analysis, selection or interpretation of results. The authors declare no competing interests.

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A short food-group-based dietary questionnaire is reliable and valid for assessing toddlers' dietary risk in relatively advantaged samples

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514001184 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 627-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lucinda K. Bell ◽

Rebecca K. Golley ◽

Anthea M. Magarey

Keyword(s):

Risk Score ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Food Group ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Risk Category ◽

Food Groups ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Highly Correlated

Identifying toddlers at dietary risk is crucial for determining who requires intervention to improve dietary patterns and reduce health consequences. The objectives of the present study were to develop a simple tool that assesses toddlers' dietary risk and investigate its reliability and validity. The nineteen-item Toddler Dietary Questionnaire (TDQ) is informed by dietary patterns observed in Australian children aged 14 (n552) and 24 (n493) months and the Australian dietary guidelines. It assesses the intake of ‘core’ food groups (e.g. fruit, vegetables and dairy products) and ‘non-core’ food groups (e.g. high-fat, high-sugar and/or high-salt foods and sweetened beverages) over the previous 7 d, which is then scored against a dietary risk criterion (0–100; higher score = higher risk). Parents of toddlers aged 12–36 months (Socio-Economic Index for Areas decile range 5–9) were asked to complete the TDQ for their child (n111) on two occasions, 3·2 (sd1·8) weeks apart, to assess test–retest reliability. They were also asked to complete a validated FFQ from which the risk score was calculated and compared with the TDQ-derived risk score (relative validity). Mean scores were highly correlated and not significantly different for reliability (intra-class correlation = 0·90, TDQ1 30·2 (sd8·6)v. TDQ2 30·9 (sd8·9);P= 0·14) and validity (r0·83, average TDQ ((TDQ1+TDQ2)/2) 30·5 (sd8·4)v. FFQ 31·4 (sd8·1);P= 0·05). All the participants were classified into the same (reliability 75 %; validity 79 %) or adjacent (reliability 25 %; validity 21 %) risk category (low (0–24), moderate (25–49), high (50–74) and very high (75–100)). Overall, the TDQ is a valid and reliable screening tool for identifying at-risk toddlers in relatively advantaged samples.

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Environmental Impact of Dietary Choices: Role of the Mediterranean and Other Dietary Patterns in an Italian Cohort

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17051468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 1468 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Giuseppe Grosso ◽

Ujué Fresán ◽

Maira Bes-Rastrollo ◽

Stefano Marventano ◽

Fabio Galvano

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Water Use ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Quality Index ◽

Energy Use ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

The Impact

Background: Current scientific literature suggests healthy dietary patterns may have less environmental impact than current consumption patterns, but most of the studies rely on theoretical modeling. The aim of this study was to assess the impact on resources (land, water, and energy) use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of healthy dietary patterns in a sample of Italian adults. Methods: Participants (n = 1806) were recruited through random sampling in the city of Catania, southern Italy. Dietary consumption was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); dietary patterns were calculated through dietary scores. The specific environmental footprints of food item production/processing were obtained from various available life-cycle assessments; a sustainability score was created based on the impact of the four environmental components calculated. Results: The contribution of major food groups to the environmental footprint showed that animal products (dairy, egg, meat, and fish) represented more than half of the impact on GHG emissions and energy requirements; meat products were the stronger contributors to GHG emissions and water use, while dairy products to energy use, and cereals to land use. All patterns investigated, with the exception of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), were linearly associated with the sustainability score. Among the components, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and Alternate Diet Quality Index (AHEI) was associated with lower GHG emissions, dietary quality index-international (DQI-I) with land use, while Nordic diet with land and water use. Conclusions: In conclusion, the adoption of healthy dietary patterns involves less use of natural resources and GHG emissions, representing eco-friendlier options in Italian adults.

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The Spanish Dietary Guidelines: A potential tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of current dietary patterns

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.215 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 213 ◽

pp. 588-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Laura Batlle-Bayer ◽

Alba Bala ◽

Isabel García-Herrero ◽

Elodie Lemaire ◽

Guobao Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Potential Tool

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Does a better adherence to dietary guidelines reduce mortality risk and environmental impact in the Dutch sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114517001878 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 118 (1) ◽

pp. 69-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sander Biesbroek ◽

W. M. Monique Verschuren ◽

Jolanda M. A. Boer ◽

Mirjam E. van de Kamp ◽

Yvonne T. van der Schouw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Dairy Product ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Healthy Diet ◽

Dash Score ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Prospective Investigation

AbstractGuidelines for a healthy diet aim to decrease the risk of chronic diseases. It is unclear as to what extent a healthy diet is also an environmentally friendly diet. In the Dutch sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, the diet was assessed with a 178-item FFQ of 40 011 participants aged 20–70 years between 1993 and 1997. The WHO’s Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score and the Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) were investigated in relation to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use and all-cause mortality risk. GHG emissions were associated with HDI scores (−3·7 % per sd increase (95 % CI −3·4, −4·0) for men and −1·9 % (95 % CI −0·4, −3·4) for women), with DASH scores in women only (1·1 % per sd increase, 95 % CI 0·9, 1·3) and with DHD15-index scores (−2·5 % per sd increase (95 % CI −2·2, −2·8) for men and −2·0 % (95 % CI −1·9, −2·2) for women). For all indices, higher scores were associated with less land use (ranging from −1·3 to −3·1 %). Mortality risk decreased with increasing scores for all indices. Per sd increase of the indices, hazard ratios for mortality ranged from 0·88 (95 % CI 0·82, 0·95) to 0·96 (95 % CI 0·92, 0·99). Our results showed that adhering to the WHO and Dutch dietary guidelines will lower the risk of all-cause mortality and moderately lower the environmental impact. The DASH diet was associated with lower mortality and land use, but because of high dairy product consumption in the Netherlands it was also associated with higher GHG emissions.

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Deriving Sustainable Food-Based Dietary Guidelines for Germany via Multidimensional Optimization: Insights to Operationalise the Diet-Health Dimension

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab048_016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 881-881

Author(s):

Anne Schäfer ◽

Rozenn Gazan ◽

Heiner Boeing ◽

Christina Breidenassel ◽

Typhaine Haurogne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Adult Population ◽

Whole Grains ◽

Red Meat ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Dietary Changes ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Life Years ◽

Optimization Methodology

Abstract Objectives Development of a diet optimization methodology, forming the next generation of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) in Germany, to identify dietary changes accounting for various dimensions: diet-health relations, environmental impact, and nutrient needs while staying culturally acceptable. Methods Three parameters define the German Nutrition Optimization Model (GNOM): The decision variables, which are observed food intakes (FoodEx2 food grouping); acceptability constraints (acceptability upper limits (AL) are set for foods based on P95), and the linear objective function. The latter consists of three components that are weighted between each other and minimizes environmental impact (greenhouse-gas emissions and land use), diet-related health burden (disability adjusted life years), and relative deviation from the observed dietary intake (cultural acceptability). Also, deviations from nutritional needs for 39 nutrients are minimized. Five models were run on the adult population by increasing weight on diet-health and decreasing weight on cultural acceptability progressively (by steps of 20%, from 0% in model 1 (M1) to 80% in model 5 (M5)), with a fixed environmental weight at 20%. Dietary changes are exemplary described for fruits, vegetables, whole grains and red meat. Results All models satisfied nutrient needs and, compared to the observed diet, increased in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and decreased in red meat; dietary changes were higher with increasing weight on diet-health. Compared to the observed intake (174,4g/d), fruits increased moderately in M1–3 (205,7g/d - 338,8g/d) and reached the AL of 552g/d in M4 and M5. Vegetables reached the AL of 267g/d in every model (observed intake: 96,3g/d) except M1 (261,5g/d). Whole grains increased progressively from 13g/d in observed intake to 16,3g/d and 16,7g/d in M1 and M2, 61,9g and 67,9g in M3 and M4 and increased strongly to 250,7g/d in M5. The observed amount of red meat was 34,4g/d, which dropped from 2,5g/d in M1 to 0g/d in M5. Conclusions This methodology accounts for multidimensional requirements in FBDGs and is flexible regarding the importance given to each dimension. Preliminary results suggest that using this innovative approach to operationalize diet-health relations, GNOM is able to help derive German FBDG. Funding Sources German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.

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Variations in greenhouse gas emissions of individual diets: Associations between the greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient intake in the United Kingdom

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0259418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (11) ◽

pp. e0259418

Author(s):

Holly L. Rippin ◽

Janet E. Cade ◽

Lea Berrang-Ford ◽

Tim G. Benton ◽

Neil Hancock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

World Health ◽

Food Groups ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Sustainable Diets

Background Food production accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Less environmentally sustainable diets are also often more processed, energy-dense and nutrient-poor. To date, the environmental impact of diets have mostly been based on a limited number of broad food groups. Objectives We link GHG emissions to over 3000 foods, assessing associations between individuals’ GHG emissions, their nutrient requirements and their demographic characteristics. We also identify additional information required in dietary assessment to generate more accurate environmental impact data for individual-level diets. Methods GHG emissions of individual foods, including process stages prior to retail, were added to the UK Composition Of Foods Integrated Dataset (COFID) composition tables and linked to automated online dietary assessment for 212 adults over three 24-hour periods. Variations in GHG emissions were explored by dietary pattern, demographic characteristics and World Health Organization Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs). Results GHG emissions estimates were linked to 98% (n = 3233) of food items. Meat explained 32% of diet-related GHG emissions; 15% from drinks; 14% from dairy; and 8% from cakes, biscuits and confectionery. Non-vegetarian diets had GHG emissions 59% (95% CI 18%, 115%) higher than vegetarian. Men had 41% (20%, 64%) higher GHG emissions than women. Individuals meeting RNIs for saturated fats, carbohydrates and sodium had lower GHG emissions compared to those exceeding the RNI. Discussion Policies encouraging sustainable diets should focus on plant-based diets. Substituting tea, coffee and alcohol with more sustainable alternatives, whilst reducing less nutritious sweet snacks, presents further opportunities. Healthier diets had lower GHG emissions, demonstrating consistency between planetary and personal health. Further detail could be gained from incorporating brand, production methods, post-retail emissions, country of origin, and additional environmental impact indicators.

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A Study of the Relationship between Food Group Recommendations and Perceived Stress: Findings from Black Women in the Deep South

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2015/203164 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Tiffany L. Carson ◽

Renee Desmond ◽

Sharonda Hardy ◽

Sh’Nese Townsend ◽

Jamy D. Ard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

High Stress ◽

Food Group ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Deep South ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Group Recommendations ◽

The Relationship

Black women in the Deep South experience excess morbidity/mortality from obesity-related diseases, which may be partially attributable to poor diet. One reason for poor dietary intake may be high stress, which has been associated with unhealthy diets in other groups. Limited data are available regarding dietary patterns of black women in the Deep South and to our knowledge no studies have been published exploring relationships between stress and dietary patterns among this group. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between stress and adherence to food group recommendations among black women in the Deep South. Participants (n=355) provided demographic, anthropometric, stress (PSS-10), and dietary (NCI ASA-24 hour recall) data. Participants were obese (BMI = 36.5 kg/m2) and reported moderate stress (PSS-10 score = 16) and minimal adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans food group recommendations (1/3 did not meet recommendations for any food group). Participants reporting higher stress had higher BMIs than those reporting lower stress. There was no observed relationship between stress and dietary intake in this sample. Based on these study findings, which are limited by potential misreporting of dietary intake and limited variability in stress measure outcomes, there is insufficient evidence to support a relationship between stress and dietary intake.

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Environmental impact of insect rearing.

10.1079/9781789245929.0007 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 53-59

Author(s):

Dennis G. A. B. Oonincx

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Climate Control ◽

Life Cycle Assessments ◽

Insect Rearing ◽

The Eu

Abstract This chapter discusses the environmental impact of insect rearing. Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from insects used as feed or food are discussed and data from life cycle assessments (LCAs) on commercially farmed insects are discussed per species. The relevance of the utilized feed on the environmental impact of insects and their derived products, including suggestions to lower this impact are also discussed. It is concluded that land use associated with insect production generally seems low, compared to conventional feed and food products. The EU (expressed as fossil fuel depletion) of insect production is often high compared to conventional products. To a large extent this is because several LCAs have been conducted for systems in temperate climates, which require extensive climate control.

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The Environmental Impact and Formation of Meals from the Pilot Year of a Las Vegas Convention Food Rescue Program

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16101718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 1718 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Samantha To ◽

Courtney Coughenour ◽

Jennifer Pharr

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Environmental Health ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Las Vegas ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Destructive Effect ◽

Earth’S Atmosphere ◽

The Us

Annually, millions of tonnes of leftover edible foods are sent to landfill. Not only does this harm the environment by increasing the release of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change, but it poses a question of ethics given that nearly 16 million households are food insecure in the US, and hundreds of millions of people around the globe. The purpose of this study was to document the amount of food diverted from landfill in the pilot year of a convention food rescue program and to determine the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions avoided by the diversion of such food. In the pilot year of the convention food rescue program 24,703 kg of food were diverted. It is estimated that 108 metric tonnes of GHG emmisions were avoided as a result, while 45,383 meals for food insecure individuals were produced. These findings have significant implications for public and environmental health, as GHG emissions have a destructive effect on the earth’s atmosphere and rescued food can be redistributed to food insecure individuals.

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