scholarly journals Associations of Nutrient Intakes in Childhood With Hepatic and Abdominal Fat in Adolescence: The EPOCH Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1022-1022
Author(s):  
Catherine Cohen ◽  
Wei Perng ◽  
Katherine Sauder ◽  
Traci Bekelman ◽  
Ann Scherzinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Substitution Models ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Objectives Body fat distribution is a strong risk factor for metabolic dysfunction in childhood and may be a target for lifestyle interventions. Prospective studies linking childhood dietary intake and future body fat deposition are needed to develop optimal therapeutic strategies. Our objective was to examine associations of childhood nutrient intakes with hepatic fat (HF), abdominal visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in adolescence. Methods Data were from 302 participants in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children (EPOCH) study in Colorado. Visits were completed in childhood (T1, ∼10yrs) and adolescence (T2, ∼16yrs). Diet was assessed by Block Kids Food Questionnaire at T1. HF (%) and abdominal SAT and VAT (mm2) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at T1 (abdominal fats only) and T2. Two types of models (energy partition and isocaloric substitution) were constructed to examine associations of nutrient intakes at T1 with HF and abdominal VAT and SAT at T2. Results In energy partition models adjusted for other macronutrients and confounders (sex, age, race/ethnicity, puberty), higher starch and total fat intake at T1 were associated with higher log-HF and SAT, respectively, at T2 [β (95% CI) = 0.07 (0.01,0.14) for log-HF per 100 kcal/d starch, 17.0 mm2 (4.3,29.7) for SAT per 100 kcal/d fat]. In isocaloric substitution models holding total energy intake (TEI) constant, replacing protein with starch was marginally associated with log-HF at T2 [0.12 (−0.02,0.26) per 5% TEI/d starch at the expense of protein], and replacing carbohydrates (CHO) with total fat was associated with SAT at T2 [19.3 mm2 (3.1,35.5) per 5% TEI/d fat at the expense of CHO]. There were no associations of nutrient intakes with VAT at T2. Adjusting for abdominal SAT at T1 attenuated associations between fat intake at T1 and SAT at T2 to the null [4.6 mm2 (−3.7,12.9) in energy partition models; 10.5 mm2 (−0.01,21.0) in isocaloric substitution models with CHO]. Conclusions Our results suggest that higher starch intake in childhood, especially at the expense of protein, is associated with higher adolescent HF. We also found that higher fat intake in childhood, especially at the expense of CHO, was associated with higher adolescent abdominal SAT, and that this may reflect an association that was already present earlier in childhood. Funding Sources NIDDK; NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA.

Role of smoking on body fat distribution and coronary artery disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sabet ◽  
S Elkaffas ◽  
S.W.G Bakhoum ◽  
H Kandil
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Introduction Smoking and obesity are recognized as important modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the general perception that smoking protects against obesity is a common reason for starting, and/or not quitting smoking. Purpose To detect the quantity, quality and relative distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) estimated by abdominal computed tomography in smokers versus non- smokers. Methods The abdominal muscular wall was traced manually to calculate SAT and VAT areas (cm2) (outside and inside abdominal muscular wall respectively) as well as SAT density [Hounsfield units (HU)] at L4-L5 in 409 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of chest pain by multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography (MSCT-CA). Results 26% of the studied patients (n=107) were current smokers, while the remaining 74% (n=302) never smoked. Coronary artery atherosclerosis was more prevalent in smokers compared to non-smokers (64.5% vs 55.0%; p=0.09). Smokers had statistically significantly lower body mass index (BMI) (31.2±4.3 vs. 32.5±4.7 kg/m2; p=0.015), hip circumference (HC) (98.6±22.5 vs. 103.9±20.9 cm; p=0.031), total fat area (441.62±166.34 vs. 517.95±169.51cm2; p<0.001), and SAT area (313.07±125.54 vs. 390.93±143.28 cm2; p<0.001) as compared to non-smokers. However, smokers had statistically significantly greater waist-to-hip ratio (0.98±0.08 vs. 0.96±0.08; p=0.010), VAT/SAT area ratio (0.41±0.23 vs. 0.35±0.20; p=0.013), and denser SAT depot (−98.91±7.71 vs. −102.08±6.44 HU; p<0.001). Conclusion Smoking contributes to CAD and to the pathogenic redistribution of body fat towards VAT, through limiting SAT potential to expand. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Changes in Body Fat Distribution in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-Positive Individuals Initiating Current ART Regimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Tiraboschi ◽  
Antonio Navarro-Alcaraz ◽  
Dolors Giralt ◽  
Carmen Gomez-Vaquero ◽  
Maria Saumoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strand Transfer ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

Abstract Objectives To describe the changes in body fat distribution (BFD) occurring over 60 months in a group of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals starting different antiretroviral regimens. Methods A prospective ongoing fat change assessment including clinical evaluation and dual X-ray absorptiometry scan is being conducted in all consecutive patients initiating ART from January 2008. Arm, leg, trunk, and total fat as well as fat mass ratio were determined. Results A total of 146 patients were included (80% male, 40% MSM). Mean age was 44 years, HIV-1 RNA was 4.98 log10 copies/mL, and CD4 count was 254 cells/μL. The most common initial antiretroviral combination included non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs followed by protease inhibitor (PI) and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens. At month 36, an increase was seen in the body mass index (BMI), total fat, trunk fat, and limb fat. The fat mass ratio (FMR) also showed a significant increase in both men and women (P = 0.001). In patients receiving NNRTI- or INSTI-based regimens (but not PIs), there was a marginal but statistically significant increase in the FMR (0.10 and 0.07, respectively; P = 0.01). Sixty-two subjects completed 60 months of follow-up. FMR showed a significant increase even in the PI group at this time point (P < 0.03). Conclusions We observed a significant increase in the fat and lean body mass in all compartments and treatment groups over 36 and 60 months. Clinically irrelevant differences were found in fat distribution regardless of the treatment group and baseline characteristics. The data suggest that current antiretroviral regimens have little impact on BFD during the first years of treatment.

scholarly journals Intakes of Major Types of Fat Before Pregnancy and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 936-936
Author(s):  
Mariel Arvizu ◽  
Audrey Gaskins ◽  
Jennifer Stuart ◽  
Janet Rich-Edwards ◽  
Jorge E Chavarro
Keyword(s):  
Health Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Trans Fat ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Risk Of Preeclampsia

Abstract Objectives While there is significant literature on the relation between intake of fat and of specific fatty acids during pregnancy with the risk of preeclampsia, the relation of pre-pregnancy intake with preeclampsia and GHTN has not been extensively evaluated. Methods In the Nurses’ Health Study II, 11,660 women without a history of chronic disease reported 17,114 singleton pregnancies between 1992 and 2009. Pre-pregnancy diet was assessed every four years, starting in 1991 using a 131-item food frequency questionnaire. GHTN and preeclampsia were self-reported biennially. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of GHTN and preeclampsia were estimated with log-binomial regression, employing generalized estimating equations to account for repeated pregnancies, and adjusting for total energy intake, protein intake, age at pregnancy, marital status, history of infertility, gestational diabetes, parity, multivitamin use, race, and co-adjustment for major types of fat. Results Mean (SD) age at pregnancy was 34.6 (3.9) years. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were reported in 1066 (6%) pregnancies (564 [3%] GHTN; 502 [3%] preeclampsia). Total fat intake before pregnancy was not associated with the risk of GHTN or preeclampsia. When intakes of major types of fats (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans) were evaluated, only intake of trans fats was associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia. Women in the highest quartile of trans fat intake (median [range], 2.18 [1.84–5.75] % of calories) had a 45% (CI: 7%, 97%; p-trend = 0.01) greater risk of preeclampsia than women with the lowest quartile of intake (median [range]: 0.91 [0.11–1.09] % of calories). A similar, albeit attenuated, association was observed with trans fat intake and GHTN (p-trend = 0.12). Intakes of major types of fat were unrelated to GHTN. Conclusions Greater intake of trans fats before pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia, but not GHTN. However, the extent to which these findings are generalizable to current intake levels in the general US population remains to be determined. Intakes of all other major fat types were unrelated to the risk of HDP. Funding Sources Supported by National Institutes of Health grants UM1-CA176726, P30-DK046200, R00ES026648, U54-CA155626, and T32-DK007703–16.

scholarly journals Patterns of food and nutrient intakes in Italy and their application to the development of food-based dietary guidelines

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (S1) ◽  
pp. S83-S89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Turrini ◽  
Catherine Leclercq ◽  
Amleto D'Amicis
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
To Come ◽  
Unbalanced Diet ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Patterns of food and nutrient intakes in Italy were estimated starting from a nationwide food survey carried out by the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) in 1994–6, called INN-CA 1995. The present analysis looks at food and nutrient intakes of the subsample of the adults (18–60-year-old individuals). In particular, the two extreme quartiles of the distribution of total fat intake expressed as percentage of energy were considered in the analysis. The results showed that the subjects included in the fourth quartile (high-fat consumers) consumed fewer vegetables than the subjects in the first quartile (low-fat consumers). Furthermore, high-fat consumers had a tendency to have an unbalanced diet, whereas the low-fat consumers present a better pattern. In synthesis, 50% of the adults reach the goal of at least 400g of vegetables and fruit daily, and 25% consume less than 30 % of energy from total fats. Convincing that part of the population whose diet does not comply with dietary goals to come back to the Mediterranean tradition might be a priority for nutrition education in Italy.

scholarly journals Diets and morbid tissues – history counts, present counts

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (S2) ◽  
pp. S11-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaakov Henkin ◽  
Julia Kovsan ◽  
Yftach Gepner ◽  
Iris Shai
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Fat

Body fat distribution, especially visceral fat accumulation, may contribute more than total fat mass per se to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Early prevention highly improves health outcomes later in life, especially when considering such cumulative conditions as atherosclerosis. However, as these processes emerge to be partly reversible, dietary and lifestyle interventions at any age and health condition are greatly beneficial. Given the worldwide abundance of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, the identification and implementation of strategies for preventing or reducing the accumulation of morbid fat tissues is of great importance for preventing and regressing atherosclerosis. This review focuses on dietary strategies and specific food components that were demonstrated to alter body fat distribution and regression of atherosclerosis. Different properties of various adipose depots (superficial subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous and visceral fat depots) and their contribution to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders are briefly discussed. Visceral obesity and atherosclerosis should be approached as modifiable rather than ineluctable conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of moderate consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose tolerance and body composition in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley P. Tovar ◽  
James W. Navalta ◽  
Laura J. Kruskall ◽  
John C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Total Fat

Glucose tolerance and body composition were determined in male rats given non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) (aspartame or sucralose) in drinking water. Areas under the curve for glucose and insulin with NNS did not differ from control. NNS treatment had no effect on weight gain or percent body fat. Epididymal fat pad mass was higher with aspartame and the ratio of trunk to total fat was less with sucralose versus control, suggesting that NNS consumption altered body fat distribution.

Ability of insulin to modulate hepatic glucose production in aging rats is impaired by fat accumulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. E985-E991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Gupta ◽  
Jane A. Cases ◽  
Li She ◽  
Xiao-Hui Ma ◽  
Xiao-Man Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Resistance ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Hepatic Glucose ◽  
Total Fat

Increased total fat mass (FM) and visceral fat (VF) may account in part for age-associated decrease in hepatic insulin action. This study determined whether preventing the changes in body fat distribution abolished this defect throughout aging. We studied the F1 hybrid of Brown Norway-Fischer 344 rats ( n = 29), which we assigned to caloric restriction (CR) or fed ad libitum (AL). CR (55% of the calories consumed by AL) was initiated and used at 2 mo to prevent age-dependent increases in FM and VF. AL rats were studied at 2, 8, and 20 mo; CR rats were studied at 8 and 20 mo. VF and FM remained unchanged throughout aging in CR rats. AL-fed rats at 8 and 20 mo had over fourfold higher FM and VF compared with both CR groups. Insulin clamp studies (3 mU ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1with somatostatin) were performed to assess hepatic insulin sensitivity. Prevention of fat accretion resulted in a marked improvement in insulin action in the suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) (6.3 ± 0.3 and 7.2 ± 1.2 mg ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1in 8- and 20-mo CR rats vs. 8.3 ± 0.5 and 10.8 ± 0.9 mg ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1in 8- and 20-mo AL rats, respectively). The rate of gluconeogenesis (by enrichment of hepatic uridine diphosphate glucose and phospho enolpyruvate pools by [14C]lactate) was unchanged in all groups. The improvement in hepatic insulin action in the CR group was mostly due to effective suppression of glycogenolysis (4.4 ± 0.3 and 4.9 ± 0.3 mg ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1in 8- and 20-mo CR rats vs. 5.8 ± 0.6 and 8.2 ± 1.0 mg ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ min− 1in 8- and 20-mo AL rats, respectively). The results demonstrated the preservation of hepatic insulin action in aging CR rats. Therefore, body fat and its distribution are major determinants of age-associated hepatic insulin resistance.

Increased abdominal-to-peripheral fat distribution contributes to altered autonomic-circulatory control with human aging

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. H1530-H1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetra D. Christou ◽  
Pamela Parker Jones ◽  
Annemarie E. Pimentel ◽  
Douglas R. Seals
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Circulatory Control ◽  
Total Fat

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) control of the circulation is altered with aging in adult humans. Similar changes are observed in obesity, particularly abdominal obesity. To determine whether age-associated differences in ANS-circulatory function can be partially explained by increased body fatness, we examined ANS function and three expressions of adiposity (total body fat, abdominal body fat, and abdominal-to-peripheral body fat distribution; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in 43 healthy men: 27 young (25 ± 1 yr) and 16 older (65 ± 1). ANS functions assessed included 1) autonomic support of arterial blood pressure (BP; radial artery catheter), i.e., the reduction in BP during versus before acute ganglionic blockade (GB; intravenous trimethaphan); 2) baroreflex buffering, i.e., the increase in systolic BP with continuous incremental and bolus infusions of phenylephrine during versus before GB; 3) cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (Oxford technique); and 4) heart rate variability (time- and frequency-domain analyses). Covarying for abdominal-to-peripheral fat distribution reduced or abolished age-related differences in ANS support of BP, cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity, and heart rate variability but did not affect age-related differences in baroreflex buffering. Covarying for abdominal and total fat had small selective or no effects on age-associated differences in autonomic-circulatory control. Abdominal-to-peripheral fat distribution explains a significant portion of the variance in a number of autonomic-circulatory functions attributable to aging. Therefore, the development of this fat pattern may contribute to several changes in ANS-cardiovascular function observed with aging. These results may help explain how changes in body fat distribution with advancing age are linked to impairments in circulatory control.

scholarly journals Differences in Adiposity Profile and Body Fat Distribution between Forwards and Backs in Sub-Elite Spanish Female Rugby Union Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5713
Author(s):  
Dolores Escrivá ◽  
Jordi Caplliure-Llopis ◽  
Inmaculada Benet ◽  
Gonzalo Mariscal ◽  
Juan Vicente Mampel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Fat

The purpose of this study was to analyze the adiposity profile and the body fat distribution in 56 sub-elite female rugby union players involved in the Spanish National Women’s Rugby Union Championships. The participants included in this study, which was the first to analyze sub-elite players, show thinner skinfolds, lower fat mass, and lesser fat percentage than previously reported for elite female rugby union players. Forwards were heavier and had higher body mass index (BMI) and fat mass, thicker skinfolds, and higher fat percentage than back players. Forwards also possessed significantly greater total fat-free mass than backs. All these differences were applicable only to players under 25 years of age. A negative correlation between age and both abdominal and lower extremity fat was found in forward players but not in the backs. Both Yuhasz and Faulkner equations tended to underestimate fat percentage in comparison to Reilly equation. Although Yuhasz equation provided higher systematic error, random error was lower in comparison to Faulkner equation. This study shows the relevance of analyzing and monitoring adiposity in female rugby union players to optimize adaptation to the sports requirements of different playing positions and age.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphisms in genetic loci linked to body fat distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara L. Pulit ◽  
Tugce Karaderi ◽  
Cecilia M. Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Total Fat

Obesity is a chronic condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is a risk factor for a number of other diseases including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity confers an enormous, costly burden on both individuals and public health more broadly. Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes. Body fat distribution is distinct from overall obesity in measurement, but studies of body fat distribution can yield insights into the risk factors for and causes of overall obesity. Sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution is present throughout life. Though sexual dimorphism is subtle in early stages of life, it is attenuated in puberty and during menopause. This phenomenon could be, at least in part, due to the influence of sex hormones on the trait. Findings from recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for various measures of body fat distribution (including waist-to-hip ratio, hip or waist circumference, trunk fat percentage and the ratio of android and gynoid fat percentage) emphasize the strong sexual dimorphism in the genetic regulation of fat distribution traits. Importantly, sexual dimorphism is not observed for overall obesity (as assessed by body mass index or total fat percentage). Notably, the genetic loci associated with body fat distribution, which show sexual dimorphism, are located near genes that are expressed in adipose tissues and/or adipose cells. Considering the epidemiological and genetic evidence, sexual dimorphism is a prominent feature of body fat distribution. Research that specifically focuses on sexual dimorphism in fat distribution can provide novel insights into human physiology and into the development of obesity and its comorbidities, as well as yield biological clues that will aid in the improvement of disease prevention and treatment.

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