Remote Household Observation for Non-influenza Respiratory Viral Illness

Abstract Background Non-influenza respiratory viruses are responsible for a substantial burden of disease in the United States. Household transmission is thought to contribute significantly to subsequent transmission through the broader community. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, contactless surveillance methods are of particular importance. Methods From November 2019 to April 2020, 303 households in the Seattle area were remotely monitored in a prospective longitudinal study for symptoms of respiratory viral illness. Enrolled participants reported weekly symptoms and submitted respiratory samples by mail in the event of an acute respiratory illness (ARI). Specimens were tested for fourteen viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, using RT-PCR. Participants completed all study procedures at home without physical contact with research staff. Results In total, 1171 unique participants in 303 households were monitored for ARI. Of participating households, 128 (42%) included a child aged <5 years and 202 (67%) included a child aged 5-12 years. Of the 678 swabs collected during the surveillance period, 237 (35%) tested positive for one or more non-influenza respiratory viruses. Rhinovirus, common human coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common. Four cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in three households. Conclusions This study highlights the circulation of respiratory viruses within households during the winter months during the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Contactless methods of recruitment, enrollment and sample collection were utilized throughout this study, and demonstrate the feasibility of home-based, remote monitoring for respiratory infections.

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Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses

PPAR Research ◽

10.1155/2021/6741290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-28

Author(s):

Mahdi Ftouh ◽

Nesrine Kalboussi ◽

Nabil Abid ◽

Souad Sfar ◽

Nathalie Mignet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Short Review ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Viral Illness ◽

Syncytial Virus

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology’s promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.

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117. Effect of Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Carriage on RSV and hMPV Illness Severity in Infants in Nepal

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy209.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S4-S4

Author(s):

Alastair Murray ◽

Janet Englund ◽

Jane Kuypers ◽

James Tielsch ◽

Joanne Katz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Illness Severity ◽

World Health ◽

Surveillance Period ◽

Illness Episode ◽

Pneumococcal Carriage ◽

Resource Setting ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Rural Nepal

Abstract Background Pneumococcal pneumonia after a preceding respiratory viral illness is associated with morbidity and mortality in infants. Our study sought to determine how pneumococcal carriage impacted illness severity due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in infants 0–6 months in a low resource setting in South Asia without pneumococcal vaccination. Previous studies in this population found an overall 79.4% prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in ages 1–36 months with higher rates of carriage among healthy controls when compared with those with respiratory illness. Methods Infants were enrolled at the time of birth in a maternal influenza immunization trial conducted in rural Nepal from 2011 to 2014. Weekly household-based active surveillance was performed from birth to 6 months to assess for infant respiratory illness, defined as fever, cough, difficulty breathing, wheeze, or otorrhea. Mid-nasal swabs were collected and tested by PCR for RSV, hMPV, and streptococcus pneumoniae with inclusion of first illness episode in the surveillance period. Disease severity was defined using the World Health Organization Integrated Management of Childhood Illness criteria. Results Altogether, 247 (73.5%) of 336 infants with RSV and 154 (83.7%) of 184 infants with hMPV had S. pneumoniae detected. Mean age at RSV illness with concurrent pneumococcal carriage was 97.0 days (91.3–102.6) versus 72.8 days (63.3–82.4) for infants without carriage (P < 0.001). Mean age at hMPV illness with concurrent pneumococcal carriage was 101.3 days (93.9–108.7) versus 77.2 days (56.5–98.0) for infants without carriage (P = 0.01). Frequency of reported lower respiratory tract infection did not differ with or without carriage (RSV: 64.4% vs. 65.2% respectively; P = 0.89, hMPV: 52.6% vs. 50.0% P = 0.79). S. pneumoniae PCR cycle threshold value did not differ by duration or severity of RSV or hMPV illness episode. Conclusion High rates of pneumococcal carriage were observed with RSV and hMPV illness episodes in a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal. The majority of infants with RSV or hMPV illness had pneumococcus detected at the time of first observed illness. However, no increase in RSV or hMPV illness severity or duration was seen with pneumococcal carriage. Disclosures H. Y. Chu, sanofi pasteur: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient. Novavax: Grant Investigator, Grant to co-investigator’s institution.

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Cannabis Use and the Onset of Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study Among Youth in the United States

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntaa158 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea H Weinberger ◽

Jiaqi Zhu ◽

Joun Lee ◽

Shu Xu ◽

Renee D Goodwin

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Public Health Education ◽

The United States ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Introduction Cigarette use is declining among youth in the United States, whereas cannabis use and e-cigarette use are increasing. Cannabis use has been linked with increased uptake and persistence of cigarette smoking among adults. The goal of this study was to examine whether cannabis use is associated with the prevalence and incidence of cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual product use among U.S. youth. Methods Data included U.S. youth ages 12–17 from two waves of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (Wave 1 youth, n = 13 651; Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth, n = 10 081). Weighted logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Wave 1 cannabis use and (1) Wave 1 prevalence of cigarette/e-cigarette use among Wave 1 youth and (2) Wave 2 incidence of cigarette/e-cigarette use among Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth. Analyses were run unadjusted and adjusted for demographics and internalizing/externalizing problem symptoms. Results Wave 1 cigarette and e-cigarette use were significantly more common among youth who used versus did not use cannabis. Among Wave 1 tobacco-naive youth, Wave 1 cannabis use was associated with significantly increased incidence of cigarette and e-cigarette use by Wave 2. Conclusions Youth who use cannabis are more likely to report cigarette and e-cigarette use, and cannabis use is associated with increased risk of initiation of cigarette and e-cigarette use over 1 year. Continued success in tobacco control—specifically toward reducing smoking among adolescents—may require focusing on cannabis, e-cigarette, and cigarette use in public health education, outreach, and intervention efforts. Implications These data extend our knowledge of cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth by showing that cannabis use is associated with increased prevalence and incidence of cigarette and e-cigarette use among youth, relative to youth who do not use cannabis. The increasing popularity of cannabis use among youth and diminished perceptions of risk, coupled with the strong link between cannabis use and tobacco use, may have unintended consequences for cigarette control efforts among youth.

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Assessing Uncertainty in A2 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Viral Dynamics

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/567589 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Gilberto González-Parra ◽

Hana M. Dobrovolny

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The United States ◽

Viral Kinetics ◽

Phase Duration ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Parameter Values

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 1 year of age in the United States. Moreover, RSV is being recognized more often as a significant cause of respiratory illness in older adults. Although RSV has been studied both clinically and in vitro, a quantitative understanding of the infection dynamics is still lacking. In this paper, we study the effect of uncertainty in the main parameters of a viral kinetics model of RSV. We first characterize the RSV replication cycle and extract parameter values by fitting the mathematical model to in vivo data from eight human subjects. We then use Monte Carlo numerical simulations to determine how uncertainty in the parameter values will affect model predictions. We find that uncertainty in the infection rate, eclipse phase duration, and infectious lifespan most affect the predicted dynamics of RSV. This study provides the first estimate of in vivo RSV infection parameters, helping to quantify RSV dynamics. Our assessment of the effect of uncertainty will help guide future experimental design to obtain more precise parameter values.

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Factors Predicating Loss to Follow-Up With Rescreening in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs

Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services ◽

10.1177/1044389419828884 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 213-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wendy Zeitlin ◽

Charles Auerbach ◽

Susan Mason ◽

Lynn Spivak ◽

Andrew Erdman

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Maternal Depression ◽

Hospital Discharge ◽

The United States ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Loss To Follow Up ◽

Two Factors ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

Most infants born in the United States are screened for hearing loss prior to hospital discharge in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs; however, many infants who do not pass their screening do not return for recommended rescreening and are considered lost to follow-up (LTF). This research addresses this by examining factors related to LTF at the point of rescreening. A prospective longitudinal study tracked 166 families whose newborns were referred for additional testing upon hospital discharge. Analysis identified two factors related to being LTF: parents’ perceptions of hearing loss as having the potential to impact their child’s future and maternal depression; however, social support moderated the impact of maternal depression. Specific implications for working with families is discussed.

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The Incidence and Cumulative Risk of Major Surgery in Older Persons in the United States

10.1101/2020.11.26.20239228 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert D. Becher ◽

Brent Vander Wyk ◽

Linda Leo-Summers ◽

Mayur M. Desai ◽

Thomas M. Gill

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Older Persons ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

The United States ◽

Community Living ◽

Major Surgery ◽

Fee For Service ◽

Medicare Beneficiaries ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

ABSTRACTImportanceAs the population of the United States (US) ages, there is considerable interest in ensuring safe and high-quality surgical care for older persons. Yet, valid, generalizable data on the occurrence of major surgery in the geriatric population are sparse.ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence and cumulative risk of major surgery in older persons over a 5-year period and evaluate how these estimates differ according to demographic and geriatric characteristics.DesignProspective longitudinal study.SettingContinental US from 2011 to 2016.Participants5,571 community-living fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, aged 65+, from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS).Main Outcomes and MeasuresMajor surgeries were identified through linkages with data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Data on frailty and dementia were obtained from the baseline NHATS assessment.ResultsThe nationally-representative incidence of major surgery per 100 person-years was 8.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.2-9.5), with estimates of 5.2 (95% CI, 4.7-5.7) and 3.7 (95% CI, 3.3-4.1) for elective and non-elective surgeries. The adjusted incidence of major surgery peaked at 10.8 (95% CI, 9.4-12.4) in persons 75-79 years, increased from 6.6 (95% CI, 5.8-7.5) in the non-frail group to 10.3 (95% CI, 8.9-11.9) in the frail group, and was similar by sex (males 8.6 [95% CI, 7.7-9.6]; females 8.3 [95% CI, 7.5-9.1]) and dementia (no 8.6 [95% CI, 7.9-9.3]; possible 7.8 [95% CI, 6.3-9.6]; probable 8.1 [95% CI, 6.7-9.9]). The 5-year cumulative risk of major surgery was 13.8% (95% CI, 12.2%-15.5%), representing nearly 5 million unique older persons (4,958,048 [95% CI, 4,345,342-5,570,755]), including 12.1% (95% CI, 9.5%-14.6%) in persons 85-89 years, 9.1% (95% CI, 7.2%-11.0%) in those ≥90 years, 12.1% (95% CI, 9.9%-14.4%) in those with frailty, and 12.4% (95% CI, 9.8%-15.0%) in those with probable dementia.Conclusions and RelevanceMajor surgery is a common event in the lives of community-living older persons, including high-risk vulnerable subgroups such as the oldest old, those with frailty or dementia, and those undergoing non-elective surgery. The burden of major surgery in older Americans will add to the challenges ahead for the US health care system in our aging society.KEY POINTSQuestionWhat is the incidence and cumulative risk of major surgery in older persons in the United States?FindingsIn this prospective longitudinal study, data from 5,571 community-living fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries were used to calculate nationally-representative estimates for the incidence and cumulative risk of major surgery over a 5-year period. Nearly 9 major surgeries were performed annually for every 100 older persons, and more than 1 in 7 Medicare beneficiaries underwent a major surgery over 5 years, representing nearly 5 million unique older persons.MeaningMajor surgery is a common event in the lives of community-living older persons.

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Google Flu Trends in Canada: a comparison of digital disease surveillance data with physician consultations and respiratory virus surveillance data, 2010–2014

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268815001478 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 144 (2) ◽

pp. 325-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

L. J. MARTIN ◽

B. E. LEE ◽

Y. YASUI

Keyword(s):

Disease Surveillance ◽

Influenza A ◽

Health Agency ◽

The United States ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

Physician Visits ◽

Virus Surveillance ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Traditional Surveillance

SUMMARYThe value of Google Flu Trends (GFT) remains unclear after it overestimated the proportion of physician visits related to influenza-like illness (ILI) in the United States in 2012–2013. However, GFT estimates (%GFT) have not been examined nationally in Canada nor compared with positivity for respiratory viruses other than influenza. For 2010–2014, we compared %GFT for Canada to Public Health Agency of Canada ILI consultation rates (%PHAC) and to positivity for influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and rhinoviruses. %GFT correlated well with %PHAC (ρ= 0·77–0·90) and influenza A positivity (ρ= 0·64–0·96) and overestimated the 2012–2013 %PHAC peak by 0·99 percentage points. %GFT peaks corresponded temporally with peaks in positivity for influenza A and rhinoviruses (all seasons) and RSV and hMPV when their peaks preceded influenza peaks. In Canada, %GFT represented traditional surveillance data and corresponded temporally with patterns in circulating respiratory viruses.

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Immunophenotyping assessment in a COVID-19 cohort (IMPACC): A prospective longitudinal study

Science Immunology ◽

10.1126/sciimmunol.abf3733 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (62) ◽

pp. eabf3733

Author(s):

◽

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Clinical Criteria ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Immunologic Assays ◽

High Level ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

The IMmunoPhenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) is a prospective longitudinal study designed to enroll 1000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (NCT04378777). IMPACC collects detailed clinical, laboratory and radiographic data along with longitudinal biologic sampling of blood and respiratory secretions for in depth testing. Clinical and lab data are integrated to identify immunologic, virologic, proteomic, metabolomic and genomic features of COVID-19-related susceptibility, severity and disease progression. The goals of IMPACC are to better understand the contributions of pathogen dynamics and host immune responses to the severity and course of COVID-19 and to generate hypotheses for identification of biomarkers and effective therapeutics, including optimal timing of such interventions. In this report we summarize the IMPACC study design and protocols including clinical criteria and recruitment, multi-site standardized sample collection and processing, virologic and immunologic assays, harmonization of assay protocols, high-level analyses and the data sharing plans.

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SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology on a Public University Campus in Washington State

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab464 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana A Weil ◽

Sarah L Sohlberg ◽

Jessica A O'Hanlon ◽

Amanda M Casto ◽

Anne W Emanuels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Public University ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Comprehensive University ◽

High Risk Behaviors ◽

Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽

Testing Program ◽

The University ◽

Study Participants ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Background We aimed to evaluate a testing program to facilitate control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a large university and measure spread in the university community using viral genome sequencing. Methods Our prospective longitudinal study used remote contactless enrollment, daily mobile symptom and exposure tracking, and self-swab sample collection. Individuals were tested if the participant was exposed to a known SARS-CoV-2 infected person, developed new symptoms, or reported high-risk behavior (such as attending an indoor gathering without masking or social distancing), a member of a group experiencing an outbreak, or at enrollment. Study participants included students, staff, and faculty at an urban, public university during Autumn quarter of 2020. Results We enrolled 16,476 individuals, performed 29,783 SARS-CoV-2 tests, and detected 236 infections. 75.0% of positive cases reported at least one of the following: symptoms (60.8%), exposure (34.7%), or high-risk behaviors (21.5%). Greek community affiliation was the strongest risk factor for testing positive, and molecular epidemiology results suggest that specific large gatherings were responsible for several outbreaks. Conclusion A testing program focused on individuals with symptoms and unvaccinated persons that participate in large campus gatherings may be effective as part of a comprehensive university-wide mitigation strategy to control the SARS-CoV-2 spread.

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Aetiology of influenza-like illness in adults includes parainfluenzavirus type 4

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.006098-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 408-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Hatice Hasman ◽

Constance T. Pachucki ◽

Arife Unal ◽

Diep Nguyen ◽

Troy Devlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

The Elderly ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Parainfluenza Viruses ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Human Parainfluenza Viruses

Influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults each winter. At the same time, other respiratory viruses circulate and cause respiratory illness with influenza-like symptoms. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) and human metapneumovirus have all been associated with morbidity and mortality in adults, including nosocomial infections. This study evaluated 154 respiratory specimens collected from adults with influenza-like/acute respiratory illness (ILI) seen at the Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA, during two successive winters, 1998–1999 and 1999–2000. The samples were tested for ten viruses in two nested multiplex RT-PCRs. One to three respiratory viruses were detected in 68 % of the samples. As expected, influenza A virus (FLU-A) infections were most common (50 % of the samples), followed by HRSV-A (16 %). Surprisingly, HPIV-4 infections (5.8 %) were the third most prevalent. Mixed infections were also relatively common (11 %). When present, HPIV infections were approximately three times more likely to be included in a mixed infection than FLU-A or HRSV. Mixed infections and HPIV-4 are likely to be missed using rapid diagnostic tests. This study confirms that ILI in adults and the elderly can be caused by HRSV and HPIVs, including HPIV-4, which co-circulate with FLU-A.

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