A case history of a cost effective 3D seismic survey over the Perth Basin, Western Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
S.C. Stewart ◽  
B.J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Seismic Surveying ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Funded Research Project

As part of an industry funded research project into the application of the technique of LOFOLD3D land seismic surveying, a four fold three dimensional seismic survey was performed in the Perth Basin at Moora, Western Australia in July 1987. The volume covered an area of four kilometres by just under two kilometres, producing a total of 23,000 common midpoint traces. The objective was to collect and process the data in such a manner that a three dimensional structural interpretation would result, which would be the same as that resulting from a conventional three dimensional survey. A cost comparison indicates that a commercial LOFOLD3D survey would reduce the cost of performing a land 3D survey to an estimated 20% of the full fold equivalent, and the technique therefore offers potential for substantial savings if it is adopted on a commercial basis.

scholarly journals Routine screening for hepatitis C viral infection in patients undergoing elective cranial neurosurgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-948
Author(s):  
Eric S. Nussbaum ◽  
Kevin Kallmes ◽  
Jodi Lowary ◽  
Leslie A. Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Iv Drug Abuse ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVEUndiagnosed hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV in patients present risks of transmission of bloodborne infections to surgeons intraoperatively. Presurgical screening has been suggested as a protocol to protect surgical staff from these pathogens. The authors sought to determine the incidence of HCV and HIV infection in elective craniotomy patients and analyze the cost-effectiveness of universal and risk factor–specific screening for protection of the surgical staff.METHODSAll patients undergoing elective craniotomy between July 2009 and July 2016 at the National Brain Aneurysm Center who did not refuse screening were included in this study. The authors utilized rapid HCV and HIV tests to screen patients prior to elective surgery, and for each patient who tested positive using the rapid HCV or HIV test, qualitative nucleic acid testing was used to confirm active viral load, and risk factor information was collected. Patients scheduled for nonurgent surgery who were found to be HCV positive were referred to a hepatologist for preoperative treatment. The authors compared risk factors between patients who tested positive on rapid tests, patients with active viral loads, and a random sample of patients who tested negative. The authors also tracked the clinical and material costs of HCV and HIV rapid test screening per patient for cost-effectiveness analysis and calculated the cost per positive result of screening all patients and of screening based on all patient risk factors that differed significantly between patients with and those without positive HCV test results.RESULTSThe study population of patients scheduled for elective craniotomy included 1461 patients, of whom 22 (1.5%) refused the screening. Of the 1439 patients screened, 15 (1.0%) tested positive for HCV using rapid HCV screening; 9 (60%) of these patients had active viral loads. No patient (0%) tested positive for HIV. Seven (77.8%) of the 9 patients with active viral loads underwent treatment with a hepatologist and were referred back for surgery 3–6 months after sustained virologic response to treatment, but the remaining 2 patients (22.2%) required urgent surgery. Of the 9 patients with active viral loads, 1 patient (11%) had a history of both intravenous drug abuse and tattoos. Two of the 9 patients (22%) had tattoos, and 3 (33%) were born within the age-screening bracket (born 1945–1965) recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates of smoking differed significantly (p < 0.001) between patients who had active viral loads of HCV and patients who were HCV negative, and rates of smoking (p < 0.001) and IV drug abuse (p < 0.01) differed significantly between patients who were HCV rapid-test positive and those who were HCV negative. Total screening costs (95% CI) per positive result were $3,877.33 ($2,348.05–$11,119.28) for all patients undergoing HCV rapid screening, $226.29 ($93.54–$312.68) for patients with a history of smoking, and $72.00 ($29.15–$619.39) for patients with a history of IV drug abuse.CONCLUSIONSThe rate of undiagnosed HCV infection in this patient population was commensurate with national levels. While the cost of universal screening was considerable, screening patients based on a history of smoking or IV drug abuse would likely reduce costs per positive result greatly and potentially provide cost-effective identification and treatment of HCV patients and surgical staff protection. HIV screening found no infected patients and was not cost-effective.

Cost Comparison of Fan-Out WLP vs. Embedded Die

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001003-001018
Author(s):  
Alan Palesko ◽  
Jan Vardaman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Model ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Supply Chain Logistics ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Large Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences

Fabricating the package after the die is placed can result in smaller form factors, increased performance, and improved supply chain logistics for OEMs. There are many different approaches for this packaging technique, but two of the most prominent are Fan-Out WLP and Embedded Die. Fan-Out WLP leverages existing semiconductor technology for a cost effective approach to achieve relatively tight package design rules. The Embedded Die strategy leverages existing PCB lamination technology for cost-reduction through scale: fabricating many small packages on large production panels. We will examine the cost differences and similarities between Fan-Out WLP and Embedded Die strategies by developing a comprehensive cost model for each technology. We will then analyze the manufacturing costs (labor, material, depreciation, yield loss, and tooling) and yield impacts across a variety of designs to demonstrate the cost differences and similarities in each packaging technology.

Cost Comparison of Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging and Flip Chip Packaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Wafer Level Packaging ◽  
Flip Chip Packaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, there has been increased focus on fan-out wafer level packaging with the growing inclusion of a variety of fan-out wafer level packages in mobile products. While fan-out wafer level packaging may be the right solution for many designs, it is not always the lowest cost solution. The right packaging choice is the packaging technology that meets design requirements at the lowest cost. Flip chip packaging, a more mature technology, continues to be an alternative to fan-out wafer level packaging. It is important for many in the electronic packaging industry to be able to determine whether flip chip or fan-out wafer level packaging is the most cost-effective option. This paper will compare the cost of flip chip and fan-out wafer level packaging across a variety of designs. Additionally, the process flows for each technology will be introduced and the cost drivers highlighted. A variety of package sizes, die sizes, and design features will be covered by the cost comparison. Yield is a key component of cost and will also be considered in the analysis. Activity based cost modeling will be used for this analysis. With this type of cost modeling, a process flow is divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity is accumulated. The cost of each activity is determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, labor required, material required (consumable and permanent), capital required, and yield loss. The goal of this cost comparison is to determine which design features drive a design to be packaged more cost-effectively as a flip chip package, and which design features result in a lower cost fan-out wafer level package.

Reprocessing legacy three-dimensional seismic data from the Halfmile Lake and Brunswick No. 6 volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, New Brunswick, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Bellefleur ◽  
Saeid Cheraghi ◽  
Alireza Malehmir
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Massive Sulphide ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Deep Zone ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Massive Sulphide Deposits ◽  
Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide ◽  
Sulphide Deposits

We reprocessed legacy three-dimensional (3D) seismic data from the Halfmile Lake and Brunswick areas, both of which were acquired for mineral exploration in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Each 3D seismic survey was acquired over known volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and covered areas with strong mineral potential. Most improvements resulted from a reduction of coherent and random noise on prestack gathers and from an improved velocity model, combined with re-imaging with dip moveout corrections and poststack migration or prestack time migration. At Halfmile Lake, the new imaging results show the Deep zone and a possible extension of the sulphide mineralization at greater depth. True amplitude processing has shown that this anomaly has strong amplitudes and is offset from the Deep zone by a shallowly dipping fault (<15°). With the clearer geological context provided by our results, this anomaly, which appears as a stand-alone anomaly on an original image obtained by Noranda Exploration Ltd., becomes a defendable exploration target. Nonorthogonal acquisition geometry and receiver patches of the Brunswick No. 6 3D seismic survey generated artefacts after dip moveout processing that reduced the overall quality of the seismic volumes. By using a filtering approach based on the application of a weighted Laplacian-Gaussian filter in the Kx–Ky domain, we reduced the noise and improved the continuity of reflections. We also imaged the short and flat reflections observed previously only in the shallow part of prestack time migrated data. These short reflections appear as diffractions on the filtered stacked section with dip moveout corrections, indicating that they originate from small geological bodies or discontinuities in the subsurface.

scholarly journals Brief interventions for obesity when patients are asked to pay for weight loss treatment: an observational study in primary care with an embedded randomised trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (694) ◽  
pp. e348-e355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Tudor ◽  
Susan A Jebb ◽  
Indrani Manoharan ◽  
Paul Aveyard
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Brief Intervention ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Weight Loss Programme ◽  
The Cost

BackgroundA brief intervention whereby GPs opportunistically facilitate an NHS-funded referral to a weight loss programme is clinically and cost-effective.AimTo test the acceptability of a brief intervention and attendance at a weight loss programme when GPs facilitate a referral that requires patients to pay for the service.Design and settingAn observational study of the effect of a GP encouraging attendance at a weight loss programme requiring self-payment in the West Midlands from 16 October 2018 to 30 November 2018, to compare with a previous trial in England in which the service was NHS-funded.MethodSixty patients with obesity who consecutively attended primary care appointments received an opportunistic brief intervention by a GP to endorse and offer a referral to a weight loss programme at the patient’s own expense. Participants were randomised to GPs who either stated the weekly monetary cost of the programme (basic cost) or who compared the weekly cost to an everyday discretionary item (cost comparison). Participants were subsequently asked to report whether they had attended a weight loss programme.ResultsOverall, 47% of participants (n = 28) accepted the referral; 50% (n = 15) in the basic cost group and 43% (n = 13) in the cost comparison group. This was significantly less than in a previous study when the programme was NHS-funded (77%, n = 722/940; P<0.0001). Most participants reported the intervention to be helpful/very helpful and appropriate/very appropriate (78%, n = 46/59 and 85%, n = 50/59, respectively) but scores were significantly lower than when the programme was NHS-funded (92% n = 851/922 and 88% n = 813/922, respectively; P = 0.004). One person (2%) attended the weight loss programme, which is significantly lower than the 40% of participants who attended when the programme was NHS-funded (P<0.0001).ConclusionGP referral to a weight loss programme that requires patients to pay rather than offering an NHS-funded programme is acceptable; however, it results in almost no attendance.

Cost effectiveness of subaxial fusion—lateral mass screws versus transarticular facet screws

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. E14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Z. Ray ◽  
Vijay M. Ravindra ◽  
Gregory F. Jost ◽  
Erica F. Bisson ◽  
Meic H. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Lateral Mass ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Institutional Experience ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Lateral Mass Screws ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Theoretical Cost

As health care reform continues to evolve, demonstrating the cost effectiveness of spinal fusion procedures will be of critical value. Posterior subaxial cervical fusion with lateral mass screw and rod instrumentation is a well-established fixation technique. Subaxial transarticular facet fixation is a lesser known fusion technique that has been shown to be biomechanically equivalent to lateral mass screws for short constructs. Although there has not been a widespread adoption of transarticular facet screws, the screws potentially represent a cost-effective alternative to lateral mass rod and screw constructs. In this review, the authors describe an institutional experience with the use of lateral mass screws and provide a theoretical cost comparison with the use of transarticular facet screws.

Plastic Liners for Offshore Production Lines: A Cost Effective Alternative Solution to Corrosion Resistant Alloys?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Delaplace ◽  
Morgan Gouriou ◽  
Denis Melot
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Corrosion Resistant ◽  
Offshore Production ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This paper presents the investigations performed by TotalEnergies and Saipem on the cost effectiveness potential of internal plastic lining for corrosion protection of offshore production lines. Objective was to better understand for a complete EPCI cost comparison the various parameters that could have a significant impact on the potential savings associated with the use of plastic lining instead of CRAs (Corrosion Resistant Alloys) for very corrosive production fluids such as sour gases. An extensive cost comparison study between CRA lining and plastic lining for offshore production lines was performed considering sensitivity on several parameters: 3 pipe diameters, S-Lay, Reel-Lay and J-Lay installation, sensitivity to external thermal insulation requirements, mechanical and design requirements, to pipe length and fixed costs (technologies and vessels). A dedicated calculation tool for system design and cost assessment was built on purpose for this sensitivity study. Costs were assessed for the various cases, starting from pipe design, then assessing procurement costs, fabrication costs then installation costs with preliminary cycle time assessment. Project management and engineering costs have been considered to obtain comparative EPCI (as installed) cost assessments for the various study cases. Plastic lining appears to be a cost-effective solution installed in J-Lay or S-Lay in addition to reeling (up to 45% of potential cost savings on installed line compared to CRA lining). The main driver for the cost savings is associated to the procurement of the pipes and associated lining, including pipe manufacturing. Some smaller savings can also be obtained from the offshore cycle times in J-Lay and S-Lay as the CRA welding add a significant operation time in comparison with standard CS welds. The fixed additional costs associated to the plastic lining (specific tooling for example) can be quickly amortized after a few kilometers thanks to the material cost savings. Integrating them as a company investment allows to unlock costs savings even for shorter lines. The thermal contribution of the plastic liner is also interesting regarding the overall pipe insulation design. This study completes the works already performed by the industry on the offshore costs of plastic lining as it considers the whole EPCI CAPEX costs from the Contractor and Operator points of view and offshore experience. The study integrates the S-Lay and J-Lay installation methods (while previous studies mainly focused on Reel-Lay) and includes an extensive sensitivity study with various key parameters such as pipe sizes, pipe design requirements, material costs and offshore operation times to get a general overview of potential benefits associated with plastic linings for offshore production lines transporting corrosive fluids such as sour gases.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Sensing Margin of Silicon and Poly-Si 1T-DRAM

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Hyeonjeong Kim ◽  
Songyi Yoo ◽  
In-Man Kang ◽  
Seongjae Cho ◽  
Wookyung Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dynamic Random Access Memory ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Floating Body ◽  
Thin Body ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
The Cost

Recently, one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (1T-DRAM) cells having a polysilicon body (poly-Si 1T-DRAM) have attracted attention as candidates to replace conventional one-transistor one-capacitor dynamic random-access memory (1T-1C DRAM). Poly-Si 1T-DRAM enables the cost-effective implementation of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure and a three-dimensional (3D) stacked architecture for increasing integration density. However, studies on the transient characteristics of poly-Si 1T-DRAM are still lacking. In this paper, with TCAD simulation, we examine the differences between the memory mechanisms in poly-Si and silicon body 1T-DRAM. A silicon 1T-DRAM cell’s data state is determined by the number of holes stored in a floating body (FB), while a poly-Si 1T-DRAM cell’s state depends on the number of electrons trapped in its grain boundary (GB). This means that a poly-Si 1T-DRAM can perform memory operations by using GB as a storage region in thin body devices with a small FB area.

scholarly journals Sparse 3D Seismic Imaging in the Kylylahti Mine Area, Eastern Finland: Comparison of Time Versus Depth Approach

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brij Singh ◽  
Michał Malinowski ◽  
Felix Hloušek ◽  
Emilia Koivisto ◽  
Suvi Heinonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Mine Area ◽  
Standard Time ◽  
Active Source ◽  
Geophysical Imaging ◽  
Eastern Finland

A 10.5 km2 3D seismic survey was acquired over the Kylylahti mine area (Outokumpu mineral district, eastern Finland) as a part of the COGITO-MIN (COst-effective Geophysical Imaging Techniques for supporting Ongoing MINeral exploration in Europe) project, which aimed at the development of cost-effective geophysical imaging methods for mineral exploration. The cost-effectiveness in our case was related to the fact that an active-source 3D seismic survey was accomplished by using the receiver spread originally designed for a 3D passive survey. The 3D array recorded Vibroseis and dynamite shots from an active-source 2D seismic survey, from a vertical seismic profiling experiment survey, as well as some additional “random” Vibroseis and dynamite shots made to complement the 3D source distribution. The resulting 3D survey was characterized by irregular shooting geometry and relatively large receiver intervals (50 m). Using this dataset, we evaluate the effectiveness of the standard time-imaging approach (post-stack and pre-stack time migration) compared to depth imaging (standard and specialized Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration, KPreSDM). Standard time-domain processing and imaging failed to convincingly portray the first ~1500 m of the subsurface, which was the primary interest of the survey. With a standard KPreSDM, we managed to obtain a good image of the base of the Kylylahti formation bordering the extent of the mineralization-hosting Outokumpu assemblage rocks, but otherwise the image was very noisy in the shallower section. The specialized KPreSDM approach (i.e., coherency-based Fresnel volume migration) resulted in a much cleaner image of the shallow, steeply dipping events, as well as some additional deeper reflectors, possibly representing repetition of the contact between the Outokumpu assemblage and the surrounding Kalevian metasediments at depth.

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