scholarly journals Diet and Nutrition of Adult Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a Parasitoid of Filth Flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E E Taylor ◽  
B H King ◽  
Edwin R Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Filth Flies

Abstract Most parasitoid wasps parasitize herbivorous insects, so nectar from flowers is readily available. However, parasitoid wasps are also an important component of the rich invertebrate communities at livestock facilities in large accumulations of manure, where flowers are largely absent. Little is known about adult parasitoid diet and nutrition in these communities. The present study examined this in Spalangia cameroni Perkins, a pupal parasitoid of filth flies. Like many parasitoid wasps, S. cameroni feed on host fluids, and in the laboratory readily feed on honey or a sucrose solution, which increases their longevity. Here adult longevity in the presence of six potential food sources, bovine manure, sorghum silage, bovine milk, buckwheat inflorescence (Polygonaceae), sweet alyssum inflorescence (Brassicaceae), or dandelion inflorescence (Asteraceae), was compared to that with water or honey. Only parasitoids given buckwheat lived as long as parasitoids given honey, and parasitoids given honey or buckwheat lived longer than parasitoids given water. Parasitoids readily ate buckwheat nectar, avoiding pollen grains. Diet affected the amount of free sugars, glycogen, and lipids in complex ways. Compared to parasitoids that were given just water, parasitoids with access to honey or sucrose had higher sugar and glycogen levels, but not detectably higher lipid levels. Access to buckwheat had no detectable effect on a parasitoid’s free sugar, glycogen, or lipid levels; however, then after 4 d with just water, sugar levels were lower and glycogen levels were higher compared to parasitoids that had been given access to only water the entire time.

scholarly journals A2 Bovine Milk and Caprine Milk as a Means of Remedy for Milk Protein Allergy

Dairy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201
Author(s):  
Young W. Park ◽  
George F. W. Haenlein
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Caprine Milk ◽  
Low Levels

A new type of cow’s milk, called A2 milk, has appeared in the dairy aisles of supermarkets in recent years. Cows’ milk generally contains two major types of beta-casein as A1 and A2 types, although there are 13 genetic variants of β-casein: A1, A2, A3, A4, B, C, D, E, F, H1, H2, I and G. Studies have shown that A1 β-casein may be harmful, and A2 β-casein is a safer choice for human health especially in infant nutrition and health. The A2 cow milk is reportedly easier to digest and better absorb than A1 or other types of milk. The structure of A2 cow’s milk protein is more comparable to human breast milk, as well as milk from goats, sheep and buffalo. Digestion of A1 type milk produces a peptide called β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), which is implicated with adverse gastrointestinal effects on milk consumption. In addition, bovine milk contains predominantly αs1-casein and low levels or even absent in αs2-casein, whereby caprine milk has been recommended as an ideal substitute for patients suffering from allergies against cow milk protein or other food sources. Since goat milk contains relatively low levels of αs1-casein or negligible its content, and αs2-casein levels are high in the milk of most dairy goat breeds, it is logical to assume that children with a high milk sensitivity to αs1-casein should tolerate goat milk well. Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is considered a common milk digestive and metabolic disorder or allergic disease with various levels of prevalence from 2.5% in children during the first 3 years of life to 12–30% in infants less than 3 months old, and it can go up to even as high as 20% in some countries. CMPA is an IgE-mediated allergy where the body starts to produce IgE antibodies against certain protein (allergens) such as A1 milk and αs1-casein in bovine milk. Studies have shown that ingestion of β-casein A1 milk can cause ischemic heart disease, type-1 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, etc. The knowledge of bovine A2 milk and caprine αs2-casein has been utilized to rescue CMPA patients and other potential disease problems. This knowledge has been genetically applied to milk production in cows or goats or even whole herds of the two species. This practice has happened in California and Ohio, as well as in New Zealand, where this A2 cow milk has been now advanced commercially. In the USA, there have been even promotions of bulls, whose daughters have been tested homozygous for the A2 β-casein protein.

scholarly journals Survival pattern of the boll weevil during cotton fallow in Midwestern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Silvia Soares Pires ◽  
Mayra Pimenta ◽  
Renata Alves da Mata ◽  
Lucas Machado de Souza ◽  
Débora Pires Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Cotton Boll ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Survival Pattern ◽  
Alternative Food Sources

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the survival pattern of the cotton boll weevil during fallow in Midwestern Brazil. The percentage of adults that remained in the cotton reproductive structures, the percentage of adults searching for shelters, and the longevity of adults fed on pollen and nectar as alternative food sources were determined. For this, four populations were sampled in cotton squares and bolls, totaling 11,293 structures, from 2008 to 2012. The emergency of cotton weevil adults was monitored from the collection of the structures until the next cotton season. In the laboratory, newly-emerged adults were fed on hibiscus or Spanish needle, and their life span was monitored individually. Most adults (85.73%) left the reproductive structures, regardless of the cotton plant phenology, up to 49 days after the structures were collected. One individual (0.0002%) from 5,544 adults was found alive after the fallow period. The diet with hibiscus and Spanish needle provided adult longevity of 76±38 days, which was enough time for adults to survive during the fallow period. Most of the boll weevils leave the cotton structures at the end of harvest, survive using alternative food sources, and do not use cotton plant structures as shelter during the legal cotton fallow period in Midwestern Brazil.

scholarly journals Foraging ofScaptotrigonaaff.depilis(Hymenoptera, Apidae) in an Urbanized Area: Seasonality in Resource Availability and Visited Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Biral de Faria ◽  
Kátia Paula Aleixo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Garófalo ◽  
Vera Lucia Imperatriz-Fonseca ◽  
Cláudia Inês da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽  
Mass Flowering ◽  
Foraging Patterns ◽  
Urbanized Area ◽  
Selection Of

The floral sources used by bees can be identified by analyzing pollen grains obtained from their bodies, feces, brood cells, or storage pots in the nests. In addition to data on resource availability, this information enables the investigation on the selection of food resource by bees. We assessed the foraging patterns ofScaptotrigonaaff.depilisin an urbanized area with seasonal availability of food resources. The species visited a percentage of 36.60% of the available flora, suggesting that these bees are selective at spatiotemporal scale. When many types of resources were available, the workers concentrated their collection activities on a limited group of sources. In contrast, more plant species were exploited during periods of lower number of flowering plants. A monthly analysis of the foraging patterns of the studied colonies revealed thatSyzygium cumini(88.86%),Mimosasp.1 (80.23%),Schinus terebinthifolius(63.36%), andEucalyptus citriodora(61.75%) were the most frequently used species and are therefore important for maintainingS.aff.depilisat the study area. These plants are close to the colonies and exhibit mass flowering. This study is one of few works to quantify natural resource availability and to analyze the effects of flowering seasonality on the selection of food sources by bees.

scholarly journals Recruitment in Swarm-Founding Wasps:Polybia occidentalisDoes not Actively Scent-Mark Carbohydrate Food Sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Taylor ◽  
Erik V. Nordheim ◽  
Teresa I. Schueller ◽  
Robert L. Jeanne
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Scent Mark ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Left Behind

Scent marking food resources is expected to enhance foraging efficiency reducing search time. Many social bees exhibit this behavior, but scent-marking is absent in social wasps, except forVespa mandarinia. We tested for scent marking in the swarm-founding wasp,Polybia occidentalis. This wasp has moderately large colonies and utilizes resources that are concentrated in time and space, making scent marking profitable. Also, this wasp uses chemical markings to lead nestmates to a new nest site during swarm emigration, making it possible that it could use the same behavior to recruit nestmates to a food source. Foragers from 11 colonies were given a choice between a previously visited feeder and an unvisited one, both containing a rich, unscented sucrose solution. There was no difference in the number of visits to the two treatments. However, some individuals chose the feeder on one side more often. We conclude that foragers of this species of wasp do not use odor marks left behind by nestmates to find food, but they do exhibit the tendency, when returning to a food source that has not been depleted, to choose a resource based on its relative position, presumably by using visual cues.

Biology, natural enemies and damage of the sugarcane whitefly (Neomaskellia andropogonis) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Askarianzadeh ◽  
Mehrnoosh Minaeimoghadam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Neomaskellia Andropogonis

AbstractAn outbreak of the sugarcane whitefly (Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett) recently occurred in sugarcane fields in Khuzestan Province of Iran. This pest sucks plant sap producing large amounts of honeydew. In Khuzestan Province, populations of all developmental stages increase from early August until late November. At this time, when sugarcane is at the ripening stage, nymphs suck the sap, and in cases of severe infestation, retard the growth of sugarcane plants. In this study, we investigated the biology of the pest on different cultivars of sugarcane and under different temperatures. Also, we conducted experiments to determine the damage caused by the pest in the field. Mean pre-adult developmental times were 24.09, 28.06, 27.27 and 26.64 days on CP69-1062, CP57-1062, CP48-103 and NCO-310 cultivars, respectively, and only female progeny were produced. Mean longevity of females on the four cultivars was 6, 8.49, 4.15 and 4.60 days, respectively. Adult females laid an average of 61.80, 58.80, 41.10 and 39.38 eggs on the four cultivars, respectively. Results show that the optimum temperature for development of different stages of N. andropogonis is 30±1°C during the day and 25±1°C at night, and at this temperature, egg and nymphal duration (including first, second, third instars and pupae) and adult longevity were 6.2, 17.0 and 7.6 days, respectively. Females of cultivar CP69-1062 laid an average of 50.09 eggs. Analysis of data on the quality of damage (including Brix, pol and refined sugar factors) shows that damage was inversely and significantly correlated with the number of infested leaves. Whitefly damage differed among cultivars; and, based on the quality of damage, early maturing cultivars were more susceptible to whitefly damage. We collected two parasitoid wasps from nymphs—Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hym.: Aphelinidae) and Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani (Hym.: Aphelinidae). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the biology, damage and natural enemies of N. andropogonis on sugarcane in Iran.

Two methods for rearing the striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-683
Author(s):  
Tharshinidevy Nagalingam ◽  
Alejandro C. Costamagna
Keyword(s):  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Phyllotreta Striolata ◽  
Flea Beetles

AbstractThe striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of canola (Brassica Linnaeus, Brassicaceae) on the Canadian prairies. The previously published methods to rear striped flea beetles under laboratory conditions are not sufficient to maintain laboratory colonies over a sustained period of time. Here, we describe two methods to rear striped flea beetles in the laboratory. The first method produces both immature stages and adult flea beetles using Napa cabbage (Brassica napa subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt) and canola as food sources. Beetles reared using this method produced an average of 9.7 ± 4.5 eggs, had a juvenile development period of between 26 and 33 days, and had an adult longevity between 17 and 55 days. Between 62% and 90% of the colony-reared eggs resulted in the successful development to an adult beetle. The second method uses canola as the only host, and facilitates easy access to high quantities of adult beetles. This method resulted in a six-fold to nine-fold increase in adult numbers per generation. Developmental time from adult to adult ranged from 25 to 30 days. Our two methods facilitated rearing striped flea beetles for several generations in the laboratory with or without hibernation.

Association between udder inflammation and glycosidase activities and free sugar levels in bovine milk

2021 ◽  
pp. 105093
Author(s):  
Anne Vuholm Sunds ◽  
Ulrik Kræmer Sundekilde ◽  
Nina Aagaard Poulsen ◽  
Lotte Bach Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Sugar Levels

scholarly journals Impact of temperature and air moisture on pollen viability

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
D.V. Starikova ◽  
◽  
Yu.D. Syrova ◽  
L.A. Gorlova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Germinating Pollen ◽  
Germination Of Pollen

The environments have a direct impact on formation and functioning of the generative organs in plants. Parameters characterizing viability of pollen grains are closely linked with weather conditions, especially temperature and air moisture. Very often a phase of a beginning of flowering of winter rapeseed (end of March – beginning of April) lasts in unfavourable conditions. In April 2020, we studied influence of the main weather factors (frosts, low moisture) on germination of pollen grains of the varieties Loris, Sarmat and hybrids 40059 × Jesper 16– 132 and 40008 × INRA of winter rapeseed bred in VNIIMK. Pollen viability was determined by B.A. Trankovsky’s method, accounting amount of germinating pollen grains on the artificial nutrient medium, calculating a percentage of germinating pollen grains to their total quantity. We determined optimal concentration of sucrose solution (20%) in a nutrient medium for germination of pollen of winter rapeseed varieties and hybrids. Due to our results, lowered air temperatures (from -0.5 to -1.9 оС) combined with air moisture from 39 to 86% in a period of beginning of crop flowering negatively influenced on germination of pollen grains. Viability of pollen of the varieties Loris and Sarmat was in average 47 and 37%, respectively. Pollen grains of the hybrids (F1 40059 × 52 Jesper 16-132 and F1 40008 × INRA) had less viability – 38 and 21%, respectively, this certifies higher susceptibility of tissues of the reproductive organs to low temperature and moisture.

scholarly journals Selective recruitment for pollen and nectar sources in honeybees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Arenas ◽  
Rocío Lajad ◽  
Walter Farina
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Resource Collection ◽  
Resource Type ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
First Time ◽  
Intermediate Preferences

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) use cues and signals to recruit nestmates to profitable food sources. Here we investigate whether the type of resource advertised within the colony (i.e., pollen or nectar) correlates with the recruits’ choices at the feeding site. We observed that pollen recruits preferred to collect pollen once arrived for the first time at the feeding site, while nectar recruits preferred to forage sucrose solutions. Bees recruited by foragers carrying both resources show intermediate preferences. Studying the plasticity of this response, we found that nectar recruits have a low probability of switching to pollen collection, yet pollen recruits were likely to switch to sucrose solution of increasing concentrations. Our results show that cues associated with the advertised resource type correlate with recruits foraging tendency for pollen and sucrose solution, a feature that would guarantee an efficient resource collection.

scholarly journals The Effect of Knowledge, Behaviors, and Attitudes Towards Dietary Fatty Acids on Blood Lipid Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Deckard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Lipid Panel ◽  
Blood Lipid Levels

Research has shown a strong relationship between dietary fatty acids (FAs) and their impact on blood cholesterol. Few studies have examined knowledge, behaviors and attitudes (KBA) towards dietary FAs impact blood lipid levels. The objective of this project was to determine: 1) KBA of FAs using the modified General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ); and 2) correlations between anthropometric data, GNKQ responses, and blood lipid levels. This study utilized across-sectional research design in which 104 women ages 18-40 consented and completed the modified GNKQ via Qualtrics®. The GNKQ consisted of 70 questions. Additionally, a subset of nine women also were instructed to fast for 12-15 hours prior to testing at the Obesity Prevention Laboratory at TCU. Height (cm), weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio were recorded. Next, a fasting blood sample (5mL) was obtained. The blood samples were sent to AnyLabTestNow® (Fort Worth, Texas) for a lipid panel. Results were then analyzed via IBM SPSS® (Statistics Version 25.0. Armonk, NY). Significance was set at p<0.05.More than 80% of participants were aware of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs, but only 33.3% were able to identify their proper food sources. Of the 34 knowledge-based questions, approximately 1.9% demonstrated poor knowledge (answered 0-11 questions correctly), 54.3% moderate knowledge (12-23 questions correctly), and 43.8% strong knowledge (24-34 questions correctly). For the subset, there was a significant negative correlation between LDL and participants who self-reported consuming less or maintaining current consumption of animal fat (r= -0.725, p=0.027). There were no other significant correlations between KBA and lipid panel results.  Despite self-reported awareness, participants lack knowledge of dietary FAs. The subset results showed strong correlation between LDL and consumption of animal fat representing the relationship between diet and lipid levels. Overall, more research should is needed with a larger sample.

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