Current burden of cervical cancer in Bulgaria - epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Karcheva ◽  
A Iordanov ◽  
S Tzvetkova
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Cancer Registration ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background The risk factors of cervical cancer are well established and the disease is preventable through vaccination and early detection by screening. The disease ranks as leading cause of female cancer in Bulgaria. The objective of the research was to describe the current burden of cervical cancer in Bulgaria and medical decisions to improve women's health. Methods The information were summarized at the national level on the basis of official on-line database from the annual reports of the of the immunoprophylaxis activities of the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), National Center for Public Health and Analyzes (NCPHA). Data for morbidity and mortality rate and vaccine coverage were analyzed and presented in tables and figures. Results Cancer registration has been compulsory in Bulgaria since 1952. National program for the primary prevention of cervical cancer was applied in 2012 (2012-2016, 2017-2020). From the same year was uses immunization against HPVs for 12 -year-old girls. Through these measures, the state guarantees the right of citizens to affordable primary prevention without imposing obligations. Despite the preventive strategy, the expected results are not observed. In 2018, the total number of registered malignancies of the cervix was 15759. The incidence of 100,000 population was 435.8. Of these, the number of newly diagnosed cases were 850, the incidence was 23.5 per 100,000 population. HPV vaccination coverage in girls by birth cohort was 15.1% - 1st dose and 14.3% - 2nd dose for 12-year-old girls and 7% - 1st dose for 13-year-old girls. Conclusions Bulgaria has a leading position in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer among European countries, requiring mandatory screening and immunization against the Human Papilloma viruses. Key messages Cervical cancer, incidence rate, mortality rate. Vaccination coverage, HPVs, Bulgaria.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infection and Previous BCG Vaccination Coverage in the Ecuadorian Population

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Daniel Garzon-Chavez ◽  
Jackson Rivas-Condo ◽  
Adriana Echeverria ◽  
Jhoanna Mozo ◽  
Emmanuelle Quentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low Coverage ◽  
Homologous Amino Acid

The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a well-known vaccine with almost a century of use, with the apparent capability to improve cytokine production and epigenetics changes that could develop a better response to pathogens. It has been postulated that BCG protection against SARS-CoV-2 has a potential role in the pandemic, through the presence of homologous amino acid sequences. To identify a possible link between BCG vaccination coverage and COVID-19 cases, we used official epidemic data and Ecuadorian Ministry of Health and Pan American Health Organization vaccination information. BCG information before 1979 was available only at a national level. Therefore, projections based on the last 20 years were performed, to compare by specific geographic units. We used a Mann–Kendall test to identify BCG coverage variations, and mapping was conducted with a free geographic information system (QGIS). Nine provinces where BCG vaccine coverage was lower than 74.25% show a significant statistical association (χ2 Pearson’s = 4.800, df = 1, p = 0.028), with a higher prevalence of cases for people aged 50 to 64 years than in younger people aged 20 to 49 years. Despite the availability of BCG vaccination data and the mathematical models needed to compare these data with COVID-19 cases, our results show that, in geographic areas where BCG coverage was low, 50% presented a high prevalence of COVID-19 cases that were young; thus, low-coverage years were more affected.

Inequities in Pap smear screening for cervical cancer between Brazilian urban and rural populations.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12510-e12510
Author(s):  
Jeovany Martínez-Mesa ◽  
Gustavo Werutsky ◽  
Carlos Alberto Sampaio-Filho ◽  
Aknar Calabrich ◽  
Carlos H. Barrios
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Pap Smear Screening ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Never Screened

e12510 Background: Cervical cancer (CC) represents an important public health problem in Brazil being the second most common cancer in women. The expected incidence rate in 2012 was 17.5 per 100,000 women while the age-standardized mortality rate in 2010 was 4.04 per 100,000 women. Inequities in access to health preventive programs contribute to this figure. The goal of this analysis is to identify inequities in Pap smear screening in women from urban and rural populations from Brazil. Methods: Using the Health Supplement of the National Household Sample Survey 2008 (PNAD) with 102,108 Brazilian women aged 25-64 years Pap smear screening was analyzed dichotomously as women having ever or never been screened. Residence area was categorized as urban or rural. Age-adjusted prevalence of never-screened was analyzed using chi-squared test. Poisson regression modeling, crude and full adjusted for age, income, number of children, education, skin color, having visited a physician in the previous 12 months and healthcare insurance were performed for Brazil in general and for Brazilian major regions. Results: The prevalence of never-screened women for CC was 12.9% in Brazil, 11.5% in urban and 22.2% in rural areas. The poorest Brazilian major-regions showed the highest prevalence of never-screened women: North (17.4% in general, 14.7% in urban and 27.3% in rural areas) and Northeast (14.7% in general, 12.8% in urban and 23.7% in rural areas). After full-adjustment, the rural population showed a higher relative risk for never-screened as compared to those living in urban areas [PR=1.23 (95%CI 1.14; 1.31); p<0,001]. The highest risk was also found in the North [PR=1.39 (1.13; 1.31); p=0.002]. However, South and Central-west regions showed no association between never-screened and area [PR=1.06 (0.88; 1.28); p=0.541; PR=1.18 (0.87; 1.58); p=0.270, respectively]. Conclusions: Our findings point out inequities in Pap smear screening between Brazilian urban and rural population. These inequities possibly contribute to the high incidence and mortality rate of CC in Brazil.

Costs of Colposcopy Services and Their Impact on the Incidence and Mortality Rate of Cervical Cancer in Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-102
Author(s):  
John L. Benedet ◽  
Monique A. Bertrand ◽  
Jasenka M. Matisic ◽  
David Garner
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

scholarly journals Human papillomaviruses: The cervical cancer saga in developing countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 819-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Saeed Alhamlan ◽  
Mohammed N A AlAhdal ◽  
Ali S Al-Zahrani ◽  
Shaihana A Almatrrouk
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
National Level ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer affecting women, with worldwide annual incidence and mortality rates of 528,000 and 266,000, respectively, according to the World Health Organization. It is well established that cervical cancer is predominantly caused by a persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of cervical cells. Increasing numbers of studies have investigated HPV and cervical cancer, contributing greatly to the global knowledge and unraveling some of the critical questions regarding HPV transmission, infection, and prevention. However, despite these studies, our knowledge is far from complete and much remains to be discovered. Although molecular detection and HPV prophylactic approaches have greatly advanced in recent years, approximately 85% of the global burden of mortality from cervical cancer still occurs in developing countries. Clinical and molecular epidemiological studies have demonstrated a need for developing countries in general to adopt cervical screening and vaccination programs. However, studies examining cervical cancer screening modalities and HPV prevalence as well as whether HPV vaccination programs should be implemented are lacking at the national level in some developing countries. Therefore, this review describes the current status of HPV in developing countries, presenting some of the existing challenges in implementing cervical screening and HPV vaccination programs.

scholarly journals An Internet-Based Survey of Influenza Vaccination Coverage in Healthcare Workers in China, 2018/2019 Season

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitao Liu ◽  
Yayun Tan ◽  
Muli Zhang ◽  
Zhibin Peng ◽  
Jiandong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Uptake

Influenza vaccination coverage was low among healthcare workers (HCWs) in China. In October 2018, the National Health Commission of China began to require all hospitals to provide free influenza vaccination for HCWs to increase vaccine uptake, and no study on vaccine coverage among HCWs at the national level after the announcement of new policy. This evaluation aims to investigate self-reported influenza vaccination coverage among HCWs and factors that may affect vaccine receipt during the 2018/2019 influenza season. We delivered an opt-in internet panel survey among registered HCWs of DXY forum (the biggest online forum for HCWs in China). The survey was self-administered using a standard questionnaire to collect information on demographics, occupational characteristics, policy implementation, influenza vaccination and influence factors. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with receipt of influenza vaccine. The response rate of this online survey was 3.6%. The seasonal influenza vaccine coverage reported among HCWs surveyed during the 2018/2019 season was 11.6% (472/4078). Only 19.0% (774/4078) of HCWs surveyed reported free policy in their workplace. Combing free policy and workplace requirement proved to be effective to improve influenza vaccination coverage in HCWs (PR = 6.90, 95% CI: 6.03–7.65). The influenza vaccination coverage among surveyed HCWs in China was low during the 2018/2019 season. To increase future vaccination uptake, we recommend a multi-faceted strategy that include free policy, workplace requirement and promotion, on-site vaccination, and monitoring.

scholarly journals Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Effects on the Incidence and Mortality Rate of Cervical Cancer in Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 526-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Kyeong Moon ◽  
Chang-Mo Oh ◽  
Young-Joo Won ◽  
Jong-Keun Lee ◽  
Kyu-Won Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

scholarly journals Secular Trends in the Incidence of and Mortality Due to Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia in China From 1990 to 2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Study and Joinpoint Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongliang Gao ◽  
Xiaonan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Males And Females

BackgroundThe number of individuals with dementia is increasing, which negatively affects families, communities, and health care systems worldwide. The changes in the incidence of and mortality due to Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia at the national level in China have remained unknown over the past three decades.MethodsFollowing the general analytical strategy used in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019, the age- and sex-specific incidence and mortality rates for dementia in China were analyzed. Trends in the incidence of and mortality due to dementia from 1990 to 2019 were assessed by joinpoint regression analysis. The effects of age, period and cohort on the incidence of and mortality due to dementia were estimated by an age-period-cohort model.ResultsThe age-standardized incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 population were 103.83 (95% UI, 87.93–118.87) and 23.32 (95% UI, 5.66–61.31), respectively, for dementia in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, a significant average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized incidence rate was observed in both males [0.49% (95% CI, 0.43–0.55%)] and females [0.31% (95% CI, 0.24–0.38%)], and the age-standardized mortality rate significantly increased in males [0.42% (95% CI, 0.31–0.53%)]. The population aged 55–59 years had the highest AAPC in the incidence of dementia [0.87% (95% CI, 0.81–0.93%)]. The age effect showed that the relative risks (RRs) of incident dementia and dementia-associated mortality increased with age among males and females, and individuals aged 60 years and older had significantly higher RRs. The RR of incident dementia increased with time, and the RR started to substantially increase in 2009. The cohort effect showed that the incidence decreased in successive birth cohorts.ConclusionAlzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia continue to become more common among males and females in China, and the associated mortality rate in males significantly increased from 1990 to 2019. Early interventions should be implemented to reduce the burden of dementia on individuals at high risk in China.

scholarly journals Advancements and Future Predictions on Diagnostic Approaches towards Cervical Cancer through Nanotechnology-Based Sensors for the Detection of Human Papillomavirus

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nidhi Chauhan ◽  
Sakshi Pareek ◽  
Utkarsh Jain ◽  
Mayukh Tikadar ◽  
Prabhanshu Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Health Care Practitioners ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Cervical cancer has the highest mortality rate worldwide. In the quest for reducing such a high mortality rate, advancements in diagnosis as well as treatment are being undertaken at various scales across the globe. With the recent advancements in the applications of nanotechnology, simple, rapid and inexpensive diagnostic methods for cervical cancer, i.e., human papillomavirus (HPV), especially high-risk oncogenic subtypes 16 and 18 have started to gain attention of health care practitioners. This review outlines the current applications of biosensors for the diagnosis of HPV, as compared to the conventional techniques for measuring HPV that have some limitations. The traditional methods used for cervix cancer are less sensitive, whereas nanotechnology has greatly improved the sensitivity. Due to cancer incidence and mortality growing rapidly worldwide, the prevalence and risk factors are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Impact of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in Italy 2007–2017: surveillance challenges and epidemiological changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Monali ◽  
E. De Vita ◽  
F. Mariottini ◽  
G. Privitera ◽  
P. L. Lopalco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Surveillance of new cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Italy was started in 2007 by the Ministry of Health (MoH). In 2012, pneumococcal childhood vaccination was introduced at the national level and, in 2017, for citizens aged 65 years and over. We describe here IPD epidemiology in Italy over the past 10 years investigating the impact of the vaccine programme on disease burden. Reports of IPD cases, data on serotype and vaccination coverage (VC) data were obtained from MoH annual reports, for the period 2007–2017. IPD notification rate and proportion by year, region, age and serotype were calculated. In 2007, 525 cases were reported (rate 0.88/100 000), rising to 1703 cases (rate 2.82/100 000) in 2017. The distribution of IPD cases by age group over time registered the largest share among individuals aged 65 years and over. A decreasing trend in notification rate was observed among those aged 0–4 years. During the same period, the 24-month VC increased, ranging from 80.9% to 96.7% in 2017. Molecular data indicated re-emergence of PPSV23-specific serotypes and non-vaccine serotypes. We observed an increase in IPD notifications during 2007–2017, likely due to an improved surveillance system, at least in some regions, with the relative quota of IPD notifications decreasing among vaccinated children cohorts. Further strengthening of IPD surveillance system, including molecular and vaccine coverage data, would be needed to assess and inform pneumococcal vaccination strategies in Italy.

Cervical cancer screening: Twelve years experience of the Kazakhstan National Screening program.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17520-e17520
Author(s):  
Raikhan Bolatbekova ◽  
Dilyara Kaidarova ◽  
Alma Zhylkaidarova ◽  
Tolkyn Sadykova ◽  
Yerlan Kukubassov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Precancerous Lesion ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Screening Coverage

e17520 Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the most common gynecological cancer in Kazakhstan (KZ). Standardized incidence rate of CC was 16.7 per 100, 000, while the mortality rate was 5, 9 per 100, 000, in 2020. The National Cervical Screening program in KZ uses cytology (Pap test) from 2008, which is free of charge for women aged 30 to 70 years of age with an interval of 4 years. In 2017 Experts from ImPact Mission and analyzed existing CC screening revealed a number of recommendations aimed at reducing the screening interval and increasing the coverage. The purpose of this study was to analyze results of CC screening in KZ and his impact on CC incidence and mortality. Methods: Coverage, the number of screened women, the level of pre-cancer detection and cervical cancer during screening have been obtained from specific reports (form № 025, № 08) for 2008-2020. Results: The total number of screened women for 2008 were 554 283 women. There is a decrease in screening coverage to 45.9% in 2017 due to a decrease in funding. in this regard, in 2017, a number of changes were made to the existing screening program. In 2020 after the CC screening improvement 786 690 women were examined during the screening program, coverage rate was 66, 2%, . Analysis of screening results showed a marked increase in the detection of precancerous lesion from 0, 136 in 2008 to 0, 87 with an increasing by 37%. The analysis of CC incidence revealed significant changes: after the introduction of screening, an increase in the incidence rate is noted from 15.5 in 2008 to 20.1 per 100, 000 female population in 2015. Since 2015, there has been a significant decrease to 16.7 per 100, 000 women. Conclusions: Despite the positive results of screening, an increse the screening coverage, improvement in the detection of the initial stage of CC, mortality rate from CC and a one-year mortality remain high, which makes it necessary to improve the screening of CC in KZ through the introduction of HPV-screening

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