scholarly journals Exploring district-level geographical variance of complete immunization coverage in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Model Performance ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
District Level ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Spatial Dependencies ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Full Immunization

Abstract India has been significantly progressed in full immunization care over the last few decades. Existing literature has not been unaddressed the potential spatial variations in relationships between full immunization coverage and its influence on socio-economic factors. The study aims to explore place-specific spatial dependencies and heterogeneities in the relationships of various factors on the district-level full immunization coverage in India. The study used a geocoded database for 640 districts of India, drawn from the 4th wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2015-16. Univariate Moran's I and LISA maps were used to confirm the spatial autocorrelation and geographical hotspots of the district-level full immunization coverage. Multivariate Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were employed to examine spatial relationships and decrypt location-based district-level analysis. The prevalence of full immunization care was 62 percent as per the national figure. The GWR results revealed that the relationships between the outcome and set of cofactors were significantly place-specific and spatially clustering in terms of their respective magnitude, direction, and differences in due to local characteristics across India. In terms of model performance and prediction accuracy, the GWR model was performing better over OLS estimates through comparisons of R2 and Akaike Information Criterion (AICC) in both models. Furthermore, the GWR model also improves the reliabilities of the relationships by reducing spatial autocorrelations. The findings suggest that the local GWR model has the potential to explain complexities in place-specific variations that could be ignored by OLS on the local causes of immunization coverage. Thus, appropriate intervention should be devised to safeguard child from vaccine-preventable diseases reduce the geographical heterogeneity of full immunization coverage across India. Key messages This study aims to explore place-specific spatial dependencies and heterogeneities in the relationships of various factors on the district-level full immunization coverage in India. To explain local complexities in place-specific variations that could be ignored by the traditional model on the local causes of full immunization coverage across India.

scholarly journals Determinants of Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors among Children aged under Two-Year-Old in the National Immunization Program of Mewat district, Haryana (2019-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-196
Author(s):  
Vishesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Full Immunization

Background: Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases through Expanded Program on Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Additional 1.5 million child deaths can be prevented if global vaccination coverage is improved. Mewat district has one of India’s lowest immunization rates despite a long-standing Universal Immunization Program and continues to sustain a high prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. This study investigates determinants of immunization status among children aged 0-23 months. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020, among 800 children aged 0-23months, randomly selected in one rural and one urban ward each from all 4 blocks of Mewat. Socio-demographic conditions and vaccine-related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Immunization was assessed by vaccination card and by mother’s recall where the card was unavailable. Results:Mewat has increased full immunization coverage from 13.1% in 2015-16 to 59.4%. Immunization card was available with 68.5% (292/426) beneficiaries. Dropout rates for Pentavalent1 to Pentavalent3 was 27.5% and 54% for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin to measles. After adjusting for the state of residence, religion, gender, paternal education, health professional presence during birth, place of vaccination and knowledge of mother on due dose were significantly associated with full immunization. Awareness gap and fear of side effects for vaccines were main reasons of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Full immunization coverage in the district is sub optimal and behind the desired coverage goal, mainly due to vaccine hesitancy. Enhancing community knowledge about the benefits of vaccination is recommended.

Analysis of Landslide Surface Deformation Using Geographically Weighted Regression

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 2406-2409
Author(s):  
Hai Feng Huang ◽  
Wu Yi ◽  
Qing Lin Yi ◽  
Guo Dong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Three Gorges Reservoir Area ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Reservoir Type ◽  
Gwr Model

Traditional regression analysis methods such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) are usually used to explore data relations, but they cannot reflect the spatial non-stationarity of the data. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is an effective tool for dealing with this situation, whereas there has not any related studies about using GWR to analyze the landslide surface deformation. This paper tries to base on a typical reservoir-type landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir area of Yangtze River, China, and uses monitoring data, to build OLS and GWR model between landslide surface displacements and trigger factors by ArcGIS. Analysis showed that the GWR model has greater R2 and smaller Akaike information criterion (AIC) value, and the residuals spatial autocorrelation degree can be significantly reduced then the OLS model, what means the GWR model can capture the spatial non-stationarity of independent variables and is more reliable in analysis of landslide surface deformation.

INFLUENCE OF FAMILY STRUCTURE ON CHILD HEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABHISHEK KUMAR ◽  
FAUJDAR RAM
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Full Immunization ◽  
And Child Health

SummaryThis paper examines the association between family structure and child health in India using the third round of the National Family Health Survey, conducted during 2005–06. Two important child health indicators – underweight and full immunization – are used as dependent variables. Descriptive and multivariate statistics are deployed to establish the relationship between family structure and child health. The results of the descriptive statistics show that children who belong to a non-nuclear family have better nutritional status and higher immunization coverage than those in nuclear families. Children living with siblings have worse health status than those living without siblings for both the outcomes. Multivariate analysis shows that family structure has a small effect on the two child health outcomes, which is no longer significant after adjusting for socioeconomic measures and region. However, number of siblings is significantly and negatively associated with the nutritional status of children and full immunization coverage, even after other socio-demographic and geographic factors are controlled for. Along with family structure, parent's educational attainment, age of the mother and household economic status are significant determinants of underweight and full immunization.

scholarly journals Full childhood immunization coverage and incidence of vaccine preventable disease in Nigeria: a regression analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5757
Author(s):  
Obinna Orjingene ◽  
Ojo Olumuyiwa ◽  
Clara Oguji ◽  
Franco Apiyanteide ◽  
Jude Inegbeboh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Disease ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Preventable Disease ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Full Immunization

Background: Childhood immunization contributes significantly in the reduction of cases of vaccine preventable diseases in children. DHIS2 data showed that only 60.59% of children under one were fully immunized in 2020. This implies that 39.41% did not receive all recommended vaccinations therefore at risk of contracting vaccine preventable diseases. This study therefore examined the effect of full immunization coverage on incidence of vaccine preventable diseases.Methods: Full childhood immunization coverage and incidence of vaccine preventable disease was examined using simple linear regression model at 5% level of significance and 95% confidence interval. Measles new case for children under five was the dependent variable while children under one fully immunized was the independent variable. Data was retrieved from DHIS2 for the period 2017-2020.Results: The study showed a negative relationship between full immunization coverage and incidence of under-five measles new cases. The study found that any unit increase in full immunization coverage would lead to decrease in measles cases by 6%.Conclusions: Full immunization coverage is still low (below WHO target of 80%) despite effort by government and partners. This implies that a lot of children are at risk of contracting vaccine preventable diseases. In order to avert this risk, health authorities and partners should devise appropriate means of educating the populace on the importance of childhood immunization.

scholarly journals Urban immunization: a story of meticulous policy implementation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 2043
Author(s):  
Meena Kakeri ◽  
Rakesh Balaji Waghmare
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Home Visit ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Community Awareness ◽  
Full Immunization ◽  
Disease Free

Background: Vaccination of under 5 children is a crucial process for making child disease free against vaccine preventable diseases. Intensified mission Indradhanush focus on improving immunization coverage to ensure full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of earlier set target of 2020.Methods: This cross sectional study aimed to assess the full immunization and reasons for partial or no immunization in children less than two years of age in a metropolitan overcrowded area. Total 246 children were enrolled after applying complete enumeration method of sampling. Parents were interviewed by home to home visit and data recorded through immunization card/recall method.Results: 142 (87.65%) children were found fully immunized. The vaccine wise coverage was 100% for BCG, 95.1% for pentavalent and OPV third dose and 91.1% for measles vaccines. Father’s education was significantly associated with partial immunization. Fear, unawareness, H/O AEFI, inconvenient timings are the major reasons for partial immunization.Conclusions: The target of mission Indradhanush is to achieve 90% by December 2018 is on the verge of fulfillment in this study area. As the age of the child gets increases the adherence for subsequent vaccination decreases. Emphasis should be given on Fathers education and community awareness regarding importance of Vaccination.

scholarly journals Do the dynamics of vaccine programs improve the full immunization of children under the age of five in Cameroon?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue NDA'CHI DEFFO ◽  
Benjamin FOMBA KAMGA
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Full Immunization

Abstract Background Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), three were devoted to health. Two amongst which MDG4 in relation to the reduction of infant mortality has not been achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC). In Africa, a significant part of infant mortality is due to vaccine-preventable diseases administered free of charge by the Extended Program on Immunization (EPI). As such, in the "social equity" pillar of Sustainable Development Goals (SDO), the MDGs RELATED TO HEALTH have yet been taken into account. The achievement of these objectives requires an understanding of the immunization behavior of children under five years of age. Methods We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The module concerning EPI vaccines was administered to 3350, 2317, 8125 and 25524 under 5 in 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 respectively. The immunization analysis was made from the full immunization logistic model and Oaxaca's decomposition to assess the contribution of the unexplained part which is the contribution of EPI dynamics. Results In general, children with vaccination card are more than 7 times likely to be fully immunized than their counterparts who do not have any. This result was higher in 1991 (approximately 57) and lowest in 2011 (5). In addition, the child's birth order reduces his/her probability of being fully immunized and the impact increases with the latter's birth order. On the other hand, the mother's age as well as her level of education increase the child's likelihood of receiving all basic vaccines. In addition, the contribution of EPI partners in terms of immunization support is of special relevance in increasing immunization coverage. They significantly explain 67.62% of the 0.105 gain recorded within the 2011-2004 period and 72.46% of the 0.069 gain recorded within the 2004-1998 period. Conclusion The contribution of EPI partner organizations is fundamental for the achievement of EPI objectives. Since they contribute to increase the likelihood of fully immunized children. The link with child immunization is done through the specific characteristics to the mother.

scholarly journals An epidemiological investigation of the 2019 suspected pertussis outbreak in northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110083
Author(s):  
Omoleke Semeeh ◽  
Biniam Getachew ◽  
Yusuf Taofik ◽  
Lukman Surajudeen ◽  
Assad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Introduction: In 2019, we investigated the profile of the cases and controls and the determinants of pertussis transmission in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria, to inform better immunization and surveillance strategies. Methods: Community-based unmatched case–control study and review of the 2019 pertussis routine surveillance data in the affected settlements in the state were conducted. A total of 52 suspected cases of pertussis and 107 control from two local government areas in Kebbi State were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The highest attack rate was observed among between 1- and 4-year age group followed by children less than 1-year old, and the least attack rate was among those above 15 years. The overall attack rate and the case fatality rate were 2.10% and 0.10%, respectively. A higher attack rate was observed among women, whereas the case fatality rate was more among males. From the community survey, we observed that the cases were less likely to have pertussis vaccination history (adjusted odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.74) compared with the controls. Knowing pertussis prevention methods were found protective for pertussis transmission (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.45). Conclusion: This study showed the vulnerability of children under 5 years, especially under 1 year, to vaccine-preventable diseases in rural populations, where “real” immunization coverage is sub-optimal, and the dominant socio-demographic factors are supportive of disease transmission. We found immunization and knowledge of the preventive measures to be protective against pertussis outbreaks. Therefore, routine immunization services must be intensified to improve coverage and prevent future pertussis outbreak(s).

Reasons for Vaccine Rejection in 0 to 2 Years Old Children Registered to Family Health Centers in Konya

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 074-079
Author(s):  
Hasan Kucukkendirci ◽  
Fatih Kara ◽  
Gulsum Gulperi Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Health Personnel ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractObjective According to the 2017 report of the World Health Organization (WHO), ∼1.5 million people die from vaccine preventable diseases. The WHO is working to generate and popularize effective vaccination programs. However, the concept of “vaccine rejection,” which first started in Europe and United States, has started to make an impact in Turkey during the past 10 years. It is therefore seen as a growing danger in future. This study was conducted to determine, detect, and prevent the reasons of vaccine rejection that have increased in recent years.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and December at 2015. In all districts of Konya (n = 31), it was aimed to reach all 242 families who rejected vaccination to their 0 to 2 years old babies. Families having more than one child refused to vaccinate all of their children. A questionnaire consisting of 47 questions was prepared by the researchers, using the standard trainings of the Ministry of Health and the literature. A total of 172 families agreed to participate in this study. The questionnaire was applied to the parents using the telephone interview technique. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and percentage.Results About 41.3% (n = 71) of the mothers were high school graduates, 50.6% (n = 87) of their fathers were university graduates. About 82.6% (n = 142) of the participants received examination, treatment and follow-up services from family physicians and family health personnel. About 20.9% (n = 36) of the children were the only children of the family. About 55.8% (n = 96) of the families also refused the vaccination for other children. About 83.7% (n = 144) of the unvaccinated children had infants/children follow-up care. While all participants stated that vaccines had side effects, 31.4% (n = 54) of these believed that vaccines cause autism or paralysis in infants. About 62.2% (n = 107) of their mothers did not receive tetanus vaccine during pregnancy. The highest rate of nonvaccination was with the second dose of hepatitis A vaccine, which 96.5% (n = 166) refused. The most accepted vaccine was the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine, which was refused by 18.0% (n = 31). About 79.7% (n = 137) of the participants did not know the reason for the vaccination and 95.9% (n = 165) thought that the vaccines were not required. All participants received information from the health personnel about the vaccines. While 9.9% (n = 17) of the families thought that vaccines cause infertility, 44.8% (n = 77) did not receive vaccination because the vaccines were produced abroad.Conclusion A growing number of families refuse to have their babies vaccinated. The production of vaccines abroad is a major cause of insecurity. There are also beliefs that vaccines cause infertility. Vaccine production in Turkey should be accelerated and public education about vaccines should be reviewed. Training provided to families about vaccines should also be reviewed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document