scholarly journals Determinants of Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors among Children aged under Two-Year-Old in the National Immunization Program of Mewat district, Haryana (2019-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-196
Author(s):  
Vishesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Full Immunization

Background: Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases through Expanded Program on Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Additional 1.5 million child deaths can be prevented if global vaccination coverage is improved. Mewat district has one of India’s lowest immunization rates despite a long-standing Universal Immunization Program and continues to sustain a high prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. This study investigates determinants of immunization status among children aged 0-23 months. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020, among 800 children aged 0-23months, randomly selected in one rural and one urban ward each from all 4 blocks of Mewat. Socio-demographic conditions and vaccine-related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Immunization was assessed by vaccination card and by mother’s recall where the card was unavailable. Results:Mewat has increased full immunization coverage from 13.1% in 2015-16 to 59.4%. Immunization card was available with 68.5% (292/426) beneficiaries. Dropout rates for Pentavalent1 to Pentavalent3 was 27.5% and 54% for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin to measles. After adjusting for the state of residence, religion, gender, paternal education, health professional presence during birth, place of vaccination and knowledge of mother on due dose were significantly associated with full immunization. Awareness gap and fear of side effects for vaccines were main reasons of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Full immunization coverage in the district is sub optimal and behind the desired coverage goal, mainly due to vaccine hesitancy. Enhancing community knowledge about the benefits of vaccination is recommended.

scholarly journals Immunization coverage under universal immunization programme in Kozhikode district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3667
Author(s):  
Sreedevi C.
Keyword(s):  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Multi Stage

Background: Immunization is an important cost effective tool for preventing the morbidities and mortalities caused by vaccine preventable diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the universal immunization programme coverage of children of 12–23 months of age in Kozhikode district and to study the factors associated with immunization coverage.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 30 randomly selected electoral wards of Kozhikode district which were selected using multi stage cluster sampling technique during April 2013 to May 2014.Results: 469 children were studied from 30 clusters. 75.5% was fully immunized while 1.5% was unimmunized. Dropout rate for DPT 3 to Measles was the highest accounting to 20.2%. Most common reason for failure of immunization among unimmunized was that the parents didn’t feel the need (57.1%) and for partially immunized was the illness of the child (27.8%) followed by lack of awareness of the time of immunization (22.2%). Religion, early age of the mother at marriage and first delivery and high birth order were significantly associated with a higher proportion of partially immunized while higher education of the parents (>12th standard), health worker’s home visit in the first year of the child and presence of immunization card were significantly associated with a high full immunization coverage (p<0.05).Conclusions: Immunization coverage of 75.5% is far behind the target to be achieved. 1.5% of the children didn’t get any of the vaccinations. It is very important to increases the coverage to prevent the re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases.

scholarly journals Vaccine hesitancy among parents in Kuala Lumpur: a single center study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Farouk Musa ◽  
Trived Soni ◽  
Xian Pei Cheong ◽  
Rusli Bin Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Past Experiences

Background: Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is defined as the delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services. The main objective of this study was to improve the understanding of vaccine hesitancy (VH) among parents in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia, by determining the prevalence of VH among parents and to identify the predictors associated with a vaccine hesitant attitude. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in KL. A questionnaire was devised to collect information from parents, namely sociodemographic information, WHO determinants of VH and the Parents Attitude towards Childhood Vaccine (PACV) scale. Results: A total of 380 questionnaires were distributed and 337 were returned (88.6% response rate). Those that completed 49 (>90%) out of the 55 given questions in the survey were included for data analysis. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 were excluded, giving a sample size of 314. To identify parents, those with at least one child were included, giving a sample size of 221. We noted 60.2% (189) of the participants were females and 80.3% (252) were Malay. Our study found a prevalence of VH of 14.5% among parents based on the 15-item PACV scale.  Univariate analysis found no link between sociodemographic factors and VH in parents. Only five of these determinants were included in the final model as statistically significant (p< 0.05) predictors of VH among parents in KL. The five factors were introduction to a new vaccine, negative past experiences of vaccinations, distrust of the pharmaceutical industry, distrust of health systems and providers and being male. Conclusions: Factors contributing towards a prevalence of VH of 14.5% in KL, Malaysia must be studied further to identify any temporal relationship to the under-immunization of children in order to reach the WHO goal of 100% immunization coverage in children and eradication of vaccine preventable diseases.

scholarly journals Urban immunization: a story of meticulous policy implementation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 2043
Author(s):  
Meena Kakeri ◽  
Rakesh Balaji Waghmare
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Home Visit ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Community Awareness ◽  
Full Immunization ◽  
Disease Free

Background: Vaccination of under 5 children is a crucial process for making child disease free against vaccine preventable diseases. Intensified mission Indradhanush focus on improving immunization coverage to ensure full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018 instead of earlier set target of 2020.Methods: This cross sectional study aimed to assess the full immunization and reasons for partial or no immunization in children less than two years of age in a metropolitan overcrowded area. Total 246 children were enrolled after applying complete enumeration method of sampling. Parents were interviewed by home to home visit and data recorded through immunization card/recall method.Results: 142 (87.65%) children were found fully immunized. The vaccine wise coverage was 100% for BCG, 95.1% for pentavalent and OPV third dose and 91.1% for measles vaccines. Father’s education was significantly associated with partial immunization. Fear, unawareness, H/O AEFI, inconvenient timings are the major reasons for partial immunization.Conclusions: The target of mission Indradhanush is to achieve 90% by December 2018 is on the verge of fulfillment in this study area. As the age of the child gets increases the adherence for subsequent vaccination decreases. Emphasis should be given on Fathers education and community awareness regarding importance of Vaccination.

scholarly journals Supervision and monitoring to assess quality of outreach immunization sessions in a rural area using a checklist

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Ambika R. Bhaskar ◽  
Mridula Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Assess Quality

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent the suffering that comes from avoidable sickness, disability and death. Outreach immunization services ensure that immunization is available to children who are unable to access a general practice in a timely fashion for their immunization events. Effective supervision and monitoring will help in improving quality and coverage of immunization.Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital. 50 outreach sessions held in various outdoor places including Anganwadi were supervised and monitored using checklist. 110 mothers and 20 stakeholders were interviewed. Immunization records were assessed.Results: Outreach immunization sessions were found to be of good quality. 89% children were fully immunized. ANMs and ASHAs were of the opinion that outreach session has significantly raised immunization coverage. 75.4% mothers had knowledge about services provided by outreach sessions.Conclusions: There was increase in immunization coverage due to outreach sessions. There is need for adequate supervision on safety injection practices and regular timely incentive to ASHA.

scholarly journals Vaccine hesitancy in India-the challenges: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4643
Author(s):  
Gopalakrishnan S. ◽  
Sujitha P.
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Universal Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
National Immunization Programme ◽  
Urban Rural

Immunization is the most cost-effective scientific method of reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. In India the national immunization programme has not been able to attain complete coverage of the eligible children and hence mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases is approximately 5 lakhs annually.  Every year, 89 lakhs children are at risk to develop vaccine preventable diseases due to lack of immunization. While most people vaccinate according to the recommended schedule, this success is challenged by individuals and groups who delay, hesitant or refuse vaccines due to various reasons. Despite the realization of compulsory scheduling of vaccines, there are an alarming number of parents who do not permit the vaccination of their children as scheduled. Vaccine hesitancy refers to a delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services. WHO in 2019 listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten global health threats. The recent vaccination coverage evaluation studies have shown that there is a perceptible drop in the vaccine coverage in most parts of India and also that the disparity in the urban-rural coverage is also widening. Hence an evaluation of the reasons for vaccine hesitancy is vital at present to strengthen the universal immunization program. The authors are trying to trace the present status and reasons for vaccine hesitancy reported in recent times, which can lead to outbreaks of already controlled vaccine preventable diseases and to identify strategies which are being implemented to overcome the vaccine hesitancy.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization coverage and associated factors among children in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3594
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kizhatil ◽  
Reshma . ◽  
Harsha Chollankil Hariharan ◽  
Alexander John ◽  
Ann Mary Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 5

Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions averting countless childhood deaths and protecting millions of children from disability and illness. The objective of the current study was to assess the immunization coverage and associated factors among children aged 12-23 months and 5-7 years in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam district, Kerala.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done. Cluster sampling method of WHO was used for evaluation of immunization coverage.300 children in the age group of 12–23 months and 300 children in the age group 5-7 years were selected from each of the 30 clusters. Crude coverage details for each vaccine were estimated using percentages. Bivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of immunization coverage.Results: Among the children 12-23 months old, eleven (3.7%) children were partially immunized, while everybody had received at least one vaccine. The proportion of children fully immunized was 96.3%. Among the children 5-7 years old 55 (18.3%) were partially immunized. Belonging to Muslim religion, fathers’ occupation i.e. who were labourers/unskilled workers, mother’s education less than 12th standard and not possessing the mother and child protection card were found to be factors associated with partial immunization.Conclusions: This study shows that full immunization has not reached all children.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on determinants of immunization coverage in urban area Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2309
Author(s):  
D. P. Lakshmi Priya ◽  
P. Kalyani ◽  
B. Sindhu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children

Background: Immunization is one of the cost effective measures preventing approximately 2 to 3 million deaths in young children every year. Inspite of the progress in vaccination coverage challenges still remain for underserved and inaccessible children. It is therefore essential to evaluate the immunization coverage at periodic intervals and improve coverage in vulnerable areas.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 children aged 12 to 42 months in urban Chidambaram from September to October 2018. We collected details regarding immunization from vaccination card or mother’s recall. A pretested semi-structured proforma was used to collect sociodemographic variables. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version.Results: Complete immunization coverage was 80.3% and 19.7% were partially immunized. Lack of awareness is the major reason for failure of full immunization (63.3%). Immunization coverage was higher when parents studied up to higher secondary or graduates (mother 91.3%, father 87.5%, p value 0.01), father do skilled jobs (91.9%, p value 0.02), among first birth ordered children (88.3%, p value 0.01), children born in healthcare facility and among mothers who received antenatal care during pregnancy (80.8% each, p value 0.04).Conclusions: Lack of awareness, parents’ literacy and occupation, place of birth, antenatal services and number of children in the family are important determinants of immunisation coverage. Apart from strengthening of infrastructure for better delivery of mother and child health services other issues also need to be addressed for better immunization practices.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attittude and practice among mothers of under five children on immunization

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
K. K. Lamiya ◽  
Jesha Mohammedali Mundodan ◽  
Sheela P. Haveri
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Attitude And Practice

Background: Many parents have poor understanding of vaccine preventable diseases (VPD) and many believe in false propagations about the contents, side effects and effectiveness of vaccines. Lack of good knowledge and positive attitude about childhood immunization was believed to be the root cause for resurgence of VPDs. Aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding childhood immunization among mothers of under five children.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among mothers with at least one child in the under-five age group residing in the rural field practice area of a teaching institution. Assuming 61% mothers have good knowledge (Mangalore study) the sample size was calculated to be 235 with 20% error and 1.5 design effect. Data was collected with the help of pretested semi structured questionnaire by interviewing 15 eligible mothers from each of 16 wards. Descriptive analysis was done.Results: The average age of the participants was 27.30±5.42 years with many of them educated up to 10th grade (40.3%) and most being housewife (74.5%). Knowledge of mothers regarding the diseases that can be prevented by immunization was fairly good. But the knowledge regarding individual vaccines, their dosages and schedule were found to be low. Majority of mothers had good attitude about immunization. Immunization coverage of the locality was relatively good (87.7%). Significant relation was established between attitude and practice. Sick at the time of vaccination was the most common cause of being partially immunised (68.96%).Conclusions: Intensify the awareness classes for mothers and religious leaders on immunisation.

scholarly journals Status of Vaccine Coverage In Venezuelan Children, A Country With A Complex Humanitarian Crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Drummond ◽  
Isabel Marín ◽  
Anny Sánchez ◽  
Marianjosé Reyes ◽  
Jenny García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
One Year

Abstract In Venezuela, PAHO has reported an increase in vaccine-preventable diseases since 2016. The goal of this work was to assess vaccination coverage in children hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas (HUC). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study included 0 to 12 years old children hospitalized in HUC admitted between January 2015 and December 2019, and verified immunization scheme. The patient data were compared with the schedule of the Ministry of Health of Venezuela and analyzed by comparing immunization coverage by year of patient hospitalization and patient age. Results: A total of 2903 patients were surveyed, corresponding to 53.2% male, 37.4% infants. A coverage level above 95% was found only for BCG. Comparing vaccination coverage with the vaccination schedule vs year of patient hospitalization, it was observed a mean decrease in vaccine coverage of 21.5% in 2019 relative to 2015 (p = 0.0000). Vaccination rates in children under one year old were lower than in children older than 6 years for all vaccines (p = 0.0000) Conclusions: There is a decline in vaccination coverage in 2019 in relation to previous years, being the most affected children less than one year old

Antenatal Care and Provision of Basic Immunization in Children Aged 12-23 Months: Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vitri Widyaningsih ◽  
Bhisma Murti ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
English Language ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Central Java

ABSTRACT Background: Among the leading causes of global child morbidity and mortality are vaccine-preventable diseases, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A complete basic immunization for children contains one BCG, three DPT-HB-Hib immunizations, four polio immunizations, and one measles immunizations. Antenatal care visit contributes an important to complete the basic immunization. This study aimed to estimate the effect of antenatal care on the completeness of basic immunization in children aged 12-23 months in Africa using meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: A meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to examine the effect of antenatal care on the basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Published articles in 2015-2020 were collected from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used “immunization coverage” OR “vaccination coverage” OR “complete immunization” OR “complete vaccination” OR “full immunization” OR “full vaccination” AND children OR “child immunization” OR “child immunization coverage” NOT “incomplete immunization” OR “incomplete vaccination”. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, and using cross-sectional study design. The selected articles were analyzed by Revman 5.3. Results:6 studies from Senegal, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa showed that antenatal care increased basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months (aOR=1.19; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.36; p<0.001) with I2 = 95%). Conclusion: Antenatal care increases basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Keywords: basic immunization, antenatal care, children aged 12-23 months Correspondence: Farida. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutarmi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085654415292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.125

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