scholarly journals An ego-centred approach for the evaluation of health inequalities in urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Sauzet ◽  
K A Zolitschka ◽  
J Spallek ◽  
J Breckenkamp ◽  
O Razum
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Neighbourhood Effects ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Background Neighbourhood possesses attributes, structural, physical and social, for which pathways to health inequalities could be hypothesized. Hence, neighbourhood is a complex mixture of factors which cannot be simply defined by a delineation on a map, making common definitions of neighbourhood (e.g. administrative borders) problematic. We present a new concept for the evaluation of contextual health inequalities in an urban setting. Methods An ego-centred approach to neighbourhood effects on health allows to establish to what degree the health outcomes of a person are on average correlated to the health outcomes of his/her neighbours. This approach does not necessitate the definition of what a neighbourhood is, or of its boundaries. Using data from the BaBi birth cohort following up 958 mother-child pairs in Bielefeld/Germany we illustrate how the method provides information about the spatial structure of a possible association between unmeasured neighbourhood factors and birthweight. Spatially correlated birthweight indicates a neighbourhood effect on maternal health. Results A parametric model of the correlation structure gives two indicators: a distance after which health outcomes are no longer correlated (practical range), and the strength of correlation (RSV). We modelled birthweight directly and residuals after controlling for (spatially correlated) covariates. After adjusting for the mother’s demographics and neighbourhood characteristics, birthweights remained spatially correlated with RSV of 11% and a practical range of 128 m. Conclusions Modelling the spatial correlation of a health outcome provides a measure of the degree of health correlation, thus offering new evidence on the production of health inequalities while incorporating current modelling approaches. Moreover, it measures heterogeneity in a city. This could be used as an indicator for policy makers or town planners to identify areas in need of socioeconomic investment. Key messages Modelling the spatial correlation of health outcomes is an approach which enable to assess unmeasured neighbourhood effects. The health correlation neighbourhood approach helps to investigate the production of health inequalities and to identify urban areas in need of socioeconomic investment.

scholarly journals Mapping Heat Health Risks in Urban Areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Loughnan ◽  
Neville Nicholls ◽  
Nigel J. Tapper
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Heat Islands

Periods of extreme heat pose a risk to the health of individuals, especially the elderly, the very young, and the chronically ill. Risk factors include housing characteristics, and socioeconomic factors, or environmental risk factors such as urban heat islands. This study developed an index of population vulnerability in an urban setting using known environmental, demographic, and health-related risk factors for heat stress. The spatial variations in risk factors were correlated with spatial variation in heat-related health outcomes in urban Melbourne. The index was weighted using measured health outcomes during heatwave periods. The index was then mapped to produce a spatial representation of risk. The key risk factors were identified as areas with aged care facilities, higher proportions of older people living alone, living in suburban rather than inner city areas, and areas with larger proportions of people who spoke a language other than English at home. The maps of spatial vulnerability provide information to target heat-related health risks by aiding policy advisors, urban planners, healthcare professionals, and ancillary services to develop heatwave preparedness plans at a local scale.

scholarly journals Metodologia para definição da sub-rede de transporte de produtos perigosos em áreas urbanas

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 2267-2281
Author(s):  
Ely Emerson Santos Da Costa ◽  
Paulo Cezar Martins Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hierarchy Process

RESUMO Em muitas cidades brasileiras não existe a menor indicação de rotas preferenciais para o transporte de cargas, estudo da demanda, estabelecimento de horários permitidos etc. Estas informações são elementos fundamentais para o bom funcionamento do serviço. No que se refere ao transporte de cargas, a categoria dos produtos perigosos possui características peculiares que devem ser estudadas de maneira diferenciada. Principalmente quando este transporte é feito em áreas urbanas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo criar uma metodologia para a definição de uma sub-rede para o transporte de produtos perigosos em áreas urbanas, utilizando dados da densidade populacional, meio ambiente, limite de velocidade e índice de acidentes. Utilizou-se o método de análise hierárquica e um sistema de informações geográficas específico da área de transportes.   ABSTRACT In many Brazilians cities there is no indication of preferred routes for the transport of goods, study of demands, timetabling allowed etc. These informations are crucial to the operation of the service. Regarding the transport of goods the category of dangerous goods has characteristics that should be studied in a different way. Especially when this transport is done in urban areas. This work aims to create a methodology for definition of transportation of dangerous goods sub-network in urban areas, using data from population density, environment, speed limit and rate of accidents to choose the most suitable routes for the traffic of vehicles carrying dangerous goods. Were used the analytic hierarchy process and a geographic information system applied to transportation issues.

scholarly journals Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Nie ◽  
Lanlin Ding ◽  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Shiyong Liu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Vulnerable Groups

AbstractBackgroundPartial- or full-lockdowns, among other interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, may disproportionally affect people (their behaviors and health outcomes) with lower socioeconomic status (SES). This study examines income-related health inequalities and their main contributors in China during the pandemic.MethodsThe 2020 China COVID-19 Survey is an anonymous 74-item survey administered via social media in China. A national sample of 10,545 adults in all 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in mainland China provided comprehensive data on sociodemographic characteristics, awareness and attitudes towards COVID-19, lifestyle factors, and health outcomes during the lockdown. Of them, 8448 subjects provided data for this analysis. Concentration Index (CI) and Corrected CI (CCI) were used to measure income-related inequalities in mental health and self-reported health (SRH), respectively. Wagstaff-type decomposition analysis was used to identify contributors to health inequalities.ResultsMost participants reported their health status as “very good” (39.0%) or “excellent” (42.3%). CCI of SRH and mental health were − 0.09 (p < 0.01) and 0.04 (p < 0.01), respectively, indicating pro-poor inequality in ill SRH and pro-rich inequality in ill mental health. Income was the leading contributor to inequalities in SRH and mental health, accounting for 62.7% (p < 0.01) and 39.0% (p < 0.05) of income-related inequalities, respectively. The COVID-19 related variables, including self-reported family-member COVID-19 infection, job loss, experiences of food and medication shortage, engagement in physical activity, and five different-level pandemic regions of residence, explained substantial inequalities in ill SRH and ill mental health, accounting for 29.7% (p < 0.01) and 20.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. Self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, experiencing food and medication shortage, and engagement in physical activity explain 9.4% (p < 0.01), 2.6% (the summed contributions of experiencing food shortage (0.9%) and medication shortage (1.7%),p < 0.01), and 17.6% (p < 0.01) inequality in SRH, respectively (8.9% (p < 0.01), 24.1% (p < 0.01), and 15.1% (p < 0.01) for mental health).ConclusionsPer capita household income last year, experiences of food and medication shortage, self-reported family member COVID-19 infection, and physical activity are important contributors to health inequalities, especially mental health in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Intervention programs should be implemented to support vulnerable groups.

Behavioural health outcomes in veterans compared to nonveterans by rural and urban areas in Alabama, 2015–2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Albright ◽  
Kari L. Fletcher ◽  
Kate H. Thomas ◽  
Justin T. McDaniel ◽  
Kirsten Laha‐Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Prevalence, pattern and determinants of chronic disease multimorbidity in Nepal: secondary analysis of a national survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e047665
Author(s):  
Raja Ram Dhungana ◽  
Khem Bahadur Karki ◽  
Bihungum Bista ◽  
Achyut Raj Pandey ◽  
Meghnath Dhimal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Nationally Representative

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence, pattern and determinants of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) multimorbidity in Nepal.DesignSecondary analysis of the data from the NCD survey 2018, which was conducted between 2016 and 2018.SettingThe data belong to the nationally representative survey, that selected the study samples from throughout Nepal using multistage cluster sampling.Participants8931 participants aged 20 years and older were included in the study.Primary outcomesNCD multimorbidity (occurrence of two or more chronic conditions including hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease and cancer). Descriptive statistics, prevalence ratio and odds ratio were computed to assess pattern and determinants of multimorbidity.ResultsMean (SD) age was 46.7 years (14.9 years). The majority of the participants were women (57.8%), without formal education (53.4%) and from urban areas (51.5%). Multimorbidity was present in 13.96% (95% CI: 12.9% to 15.1%). Hypertension and diabetes coexisted in 5.7%. Age, alcohol consumption, body mass index, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) level and rural–urban setting were significantly associated with multimorbidity.ConclusionMultimorbidity was prevalent in particular groups or geographical areas in Nepal suggesting a need for coordinated and integrated NCD care approach for the management of multiplicative co-comorbid conditions.

Embracing School Counselors’ Situatedness: Data-Based Decision Making as Fulfillment of a Complex Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1_part_3) ◽  
pp. 2156759X2110119
Author(s):  
Brett Zyromski ◽  
Catherine Griffith ◽  
Jihyeon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
School Counselor ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Counselor Identity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Support Students ◽  
Students Success ◽  
Data Based Decision Making

Since at least the 1930s, school counselors have used data to inform school counseling programming. However, the evolving complexity of school counselors’ identity calls for an updated understanding of the use of data. We offer an expanded definition of data-based decision making that reflects the purpose of using data in educational settings and an appreciation of the complexity of the school counselor identity. We discuss implications for applying the data-based decision-making process using a multifaceted school counselor identity lens to support students’ success.

scholarly journals The Awareness of and Input into Cultural Heritage Preservation by Urban Planners and Other Municipal Actors in Light of Climate Change

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Paul Carroll ◽  
Eeva Aarrevaara
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cultural Heritage Preservation

Future climate conditions need to be considered in planning for urban areas. As well as considering how new structures would best endure in the future, it is important to take into account factors that contribute to the degradation of cultural heritage buildings in the urban setting. Climate change can cause an increase in structural degradation. In this paper, a review of both what these factors are and how they are addressed by urban planners is presented. A series of inquiries into the topic was carried out on town planning personnel and those involved in cultural heritage preservation in several towns and cities in Finland and in a small number of other European countries. The target group members were asked about observed climate change impacts on cultural heritage, about present steps being taken to protect urban cultural heritage, and also their views were obtained on how climate change impacts will be emphasised in the future in this regard. The results of the inquiry demonstrate that climate change is still considered only in a limited way in urban planning, and more interaction between different bodies, both planning and heritage authorities, as well as current research on climate change impacts, is needed in the field.

Land Loss with Compensation: What Are the Determinants of Income Among Households in Central Vietnam?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quang Phuc ◽  
A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen ◽  
Annelies Zoomers
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Compensation Packages ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Childlessness, Individual Socioeconomic Resources, and Health: Exploring Variation in 20 Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 515-516
Author(s):  
Nekehia Quashie ◽  
Christine Mair ◽  
Radoslaw Antczak ◽  
Bruno Arpino
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Resources ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Childless older adults may be at risk for poorer health cross-nationally, yet most studies on this topic analyze only a small number of countries and only 1 or 2 health outcomes. To our knowledge, two papers exist that explore associations between childlessness and multiple indicators of health using data from a large number of regionally diverse countries (e.g., 20 countries from North America, Asia, and Europe), but neither study includes an examination of socioeconomic resources. The level of health risk faced by childless older adults is likely to be distinctly shaped by older adults’ socioeconomic resources (e.g., education, income, wealth). Associations between childlessness, socioeconomic resources, and health may also differ by country context. Using harmonized, cross-national data for adults aged 50 and older across 20 high- and middle-income countries (United States (HRS), European Union (SHARE), Mexico (MHAS), and China (CHARLS) from the Gateway to Global Aging data repository), we explore if and how individual-level socioeconomic resources (income, education, wealth) moderate associations between childlessness and five health indicators (self-rated health, ADL limitations, IADL limitations, chronic conditions, and depression). Results suggest that associations between childlessness and health outcomes vary by individual socioeconomic resources in some country contexts, but not in others. We discuss these findings in light of the impact of individual-level socioeconomic resources on older adults’ support options and health outcomes cross-nationally.

scholarly journals Geophysical surveys integrated with rainfall data analysis for the study of soil piping phenomena occurred in a densely urbanized area in eastern Sicily

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziano Patti ◽  
Sabrina Grassi ◽  
Gabriele Morreale ◽  
Mauro Corrao ◽  
Sebastiano Imposa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Soil Subsidence ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Soil Piping ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Surface Collapse

AbstractThe occurrence of strong and abrupt rainfall, together with a wrong land use planning and an uncontrolled urban development, can constitute a risk for infrastructure and population. The water flow in the subsoil, under certain conditions, may cause underground cavities formation. This phenomena known as soil piping can evolve and generate the surface collapse. It is clear that such phenomena in densely urbanized areas represent an unpredictable and consistent risk factor, which can interfere with social activities. In this study a multidisciplinary approach aimed to obtain useful information for the mitigation of the risks associated with the occurrence of soil piping phenomena in urban areas has been developed. This approach is aimed at defining the causes of sudden soil subsidence events, as well as the definition of the extension and possible evolution of these instability areas. The information obtained from rainfall data analysis, together with a study of the morphological, geological and hydrogeological characteristics, have allowed us to evaluate the causes that have led to the formation of soil pipes. Furthermore, performance of 3D electrical resistivity surveys in the area affected by the instability have allowed us to estimate their extension in the subsoil and identifying the presence of further areas susceptible to instability.

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