6. Research Design

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types

This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.

6. Research Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-185
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Research Designs

This chapter focuses on the basic principles of research design. It first considers different types of research design, including experimental designs, cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, comparative designs, and historical research designs. It also discusses two types of research validity: internal validity and external validity. The chapter proceeds by describing various methods of data collection and the sort of data or evidence each provides, including questionnaires and surveys, interviewing and focus groups, ethnographic research, and discourse/content analysis. Finally, it examines six issues that must be taken into account to ensure ethical research: voluntary participation, informed consent, privacy, harm, exploitation, and consequences for future research.

scholarly journals Talent Research in Sport 1990–2018: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Baker ◽  
Stuart Wilson ◽  
Kathryn Johnston ◽  
Nima Dehghansai ◽  
Aaron Koenigsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Designs

Several recent systematic and targeted reviews have highlighted limitations in our understanding of talent in sport. However, a comprehensive profile of where the scientific research has focused would help identify gaps in current knowledge. Our goal in this scoping review was (a) to better understand what others have done in the field of research (e.g., what groups have been examined using what research designs and in what areas), (b) to summarize the constituent areas of research in a meaningful way, (c) to help identify gaps in the research, and (d) to encourage future research to address these gaps. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that met several inclusion criteria were analyzed. A total of 1,899 articles were identified, and the descriptive findings revealed a relatively narrow focus of research on talent in sport. Specifically, the majority of examined articles focused on (a) males only, (b) the sport of soccer, (c) perceptual cognitive variables, (d) developing athletes, (e) adult samples, and (f) cross-sectional designs. For better or worse, the concept of talent remains a central element of how coaches, practitioners, and scientists think about athlete development. Findings from this scoping review highlight the continued need to explore issues related to talent identification, selection, and development in more diverse samples (e.g., female athletes and younger ages) and contexts (e.g., from Africa, Asia, and South America). There is also a clear necessity to focus on under-researched areas using alternative methodologies.

The influences of interdependence, opportunism and technology uncertainty on interfirm coopetition

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Chai ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Thomas Clauss ◽  
Chanchai Tangpong
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contextual Condition ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and the conditions of coopetition at the inter-organizational level. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on survey research methodology and analyzes the data from 138 companies regarding the antecedents and the conditions of their coopetition. Findings The results indicate that the interdependence between partners (i.e. the antecedent) positively affects interfirm coopetition, and that this relationship is contingent on the joint occurrence of opportunism (a behavioral condition) and technology uncertainty (a contextual condition). Specifically, highly interdependent firms are more likely to be involved in a coopetitive relationship when both opportunism and technology uncertainty are high. Interestingly, the authors’ data also show that opportunism or technology uncertainty alone may not be adequate in moderating the interdependence–coopetition relationship. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the current literature in two meaningful ways. First, it empirically examines interdependence as a potential antecedent of interfirm coopetition. Second, it improves our understanding of the behavioral and contextual conditions that facilitate the formation of coopetitive relationships by examining the moderating roles of opportunisms and technology uncertainty in the relationship between interdependence and interfirm coopetition. The limitations of this study lie in its confined method of cross-sectional survey from the focal firm’s perspective. Future research may advance beyond this study through experimental and/or longitudinal research designs. Practical implications This study provides managers with two important practical insights in coopetition management. First, the findings suggest a two-step approach to help a firm assess and manage the level of coopetition in its relationship with a business partner. In addition, the findings provide a counterintuitive suggestion to managers that the joint conditions of high opportunism and high technology uncertainty indeed prime the relationship for the rise of coopetition, provided that managerial efforts are made to somewhat increase the level of interdependence in the relationship. Originality/value Despite the growing number of studies on coopetition, research still lacks knowledge about the antecedents and the conditions of inter-organizational coopetition, and this study aims to fill this gap.

A balanced scorecard envelopment approach to assess airlines' performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wann-Yih Wu ◽  
Ying-Kai Liao
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Airline Industry ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Major Airlines

Purpose – This study purposed an integrated DEA-BSC model to evaluate the operational efficiency of airlines. To adapt this model, 38 major airlines in the world were selected to assess their relative performance. Design/methodology/approach – An empirical study is employed using a cross-sectional research design. The operational and financial data of 38 leading airlines companies were collected from annual reports and business reports. Specifically, this study integrated the concepts of balanced scorecard (BSC) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) and incorporated seven leading variables and four lagging variables from BSC to implement DEA. Findings – By using the leading and lagging variables to implement DEA, this study not only assessed the efficiency frontiers, input slack, output slacks, and benchmarking learning partners of 38 airlines, but also illustrated how leading indicators are related and influence lagging indicators. In particular, the study results indicated that airlines with excellent performance in the efficient frontiers tended to perform better in energy, capital, and other operating costs. Research limitations/implications – This study presented a DEA-BSC model to integrate the concepts of BSC into DEA. The empirical results showed that the model is more advanced than the capabilities of individual DEA and BSC. This model could also eliminate the faults of each one. Due to the cross-sectional research design of this research, future research should develop the longitudinal study to identify the time series of the influences of leading factors on lagging factors. Practical implications – This study offered an integrated model that incorporated the concepts of BSC and DEA. The leading and lagging factors of BSC were adopted to the evaluation of operational performance of airlines along with DEA. Therefore, BSC has served as the compliment of DEA. Using the DEA-BSC results, such as the efficiency frontiers, the amount of slacks, and benchmark learning partners, business executives could develop their improvement strategies. Originality/value – Since none of previous studies have integrated BSC and DEA to assess the operational efficiency of the airline industry, the results of this study could serve as a baseline for further academic validations, the results could also be very useful for the executives of airline companies to allocate their resources for further improvement.

scholarly journals Pressure to Reduce Drinking and Reasons for Seeking Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Polcin ◽  
Rachael Korcha ◽  
Thomas K. Greenfield ◽  
Jason Bond ◽  
William Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Alcohol Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Treatment Seekers

Individuals with alcohol problems often receive pressure to change their drinking. However, when they enter treatment it is unclear how often it is because of the pressure they received or other reasons. A secondary analysis was conducted using four cross-sectional National Alcohol Surveys collected at 5-year intervals between 1995 and 2010. Treatment seekers (N = 476) were interviewed about a) all reasons for seeking treatment, b) their primary reason, c) lifetime heavy drinking, and d) whether they ever received pressure from six different sources (spouse, family, friends, doctor, work, and police). Over 90% of the sample received pressure from at least one source. Thirty-four percent identified legal problems/felt forced as their primary reason for seeking treatment. Other primary reasons included a desire to improve relationships (25%) and health (15%). When asked about all reasons, 46% endorsed five or more reasons and 74% included legal problems/felt forced. A primary reason for seeking alcohol treatment is drinking-related legal problems or feeling forced. However, legal problems/feeling forced occurs along with a variety of additional reasons. Future research should assess pathways between receipt of pressure from different sources, recognition of different types of problems, and reasons given for seeking treatment.

scholarly journals ANTESEDEN DAN KONSEKUENSI DARI RAPPORT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Freddy Irawan ◽  
Ovy Noviati Nuraini Magetsari
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Equation Method ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Main Factor

<p><em>As a main factor in rapport and satisfaction, </em><em>commitment</em><em> has been given much attention</em><em>. The primary data was gathered by online questionnaires and collected from 204 respondents </em><em>who are being customers of</em><em> Bank BNI in Jakarta. This research used hypothesis testing as a research design. The cross-sectional data and purposive sampling </em><em>are used as</em><em> the sampling method. Data </em><em>were analyzed by</em><em> using Structural Equation Method (SEM). Finding and contribution in this </em><em>research showed that</em><em> all of</em><em> commitment have positive</em><em> </em><em>effects towards rapport and satisfaction. Rapport has positive and significant effect</em><em> </em><em>to</em><em> satisfaction. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed</em><em>.</em></p>

Stressful Life Events and Schizophrenia II: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross M. G. Norman ◽  
Ashok K. Malla
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Reciprocal Influences ◽  
The Relationship

Research on the relationship between stress and schizophrenia is fraught with conceptual and methodological problems. These problems include issues related to the nature and measurement of stress, the likelihood of reciprocal influences between stress and symptoms, and the adequate assessment of symptoms. Several recommendations are made regarding future research in this area. These include using multiple and broadly based measures of different types of stressors and symptoms, greater use of truly prospective research designs, and the evaluation of the effects of interventions specifically designed to reduce stress in patients who suffer from schizophrenia.

Friendship Quality: Role in the Relationship Between Peer Victimisation and Psychopathology

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Alicia M. Piteo ◽  
Lisa J. Kettler
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Friendship Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

This cross-sectional study explored the moderating influence of friendship quality and gender in the relationship between psychopathology and different types of victimisation experienced by primary school children. Five hundred and sixty-six children (n= 264 males;n= 302 females) with a mean age of 11.61 years (SD= 1.10) in Adelaide, South Australia completed the Peer Relations Questionnaire, the Relational Aggression Scale, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Friendship Quality Questionnaire. Neither overall friendship quality nor gender moderated the relationship between either direct or relational victimisation and psychopathology. However, ‘conflict and betrayal’ moderated the relationship between relational victimisation and psychopathology. For high levels of conflict and betrayal the relationship between relational victimisation and psychopathology was stronger for boys than girls. Possibly, a particular aspect of friendship quality may be more protective in the relationship between different types of victimisation and psychopathology. Implications of these results and suggestions for future research are considered.

The impact of longitudinal studies on understanding development from young adulthood to old age

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Warner Schaie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Invariance ◽  
The Impact

This essay considers progress in understanding adult development in the study of behaviour during the 20th century. It describes the influence of methodological advances including paradigmatic shifts from cross-sectional to longitudinal studies, advances in measurement, the impact of confirmatory factor analysis, and consideration of age as the dependent variable. A theoretical framework for understanding adult cognitive development is presented. Different types of longitudinal studies, the issue of structural invariance across age, sources of individual differences and the impact of cohort differences are discussed. Finally projections are made for future research.

Longitudinal research design in adolescent developmental research

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T.L. Shek ◽  
Catalina S.M. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Longitudinal Research Design ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Research Studies

AbstractIn adolescent developmental research, cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs are commonly used. In this paper, examples of adolescent developmental research utilizing cross-sectional designs are presented and the basic attributes, strengths and weaknesses of cross-sectional designs are outlined. Besides, examples of longitudinal adolescent developmental research as well as its characteristics, advantages and pitfalls are examined. Based on this review, it is argued that longitudinal research design plays an important role in adolescent developmental research. Implications of the present review on the design of longitudinal adolescent research studies in the Chinese context are discussed.

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