V. Variables

2021 ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Jean-Frédéric Morin ◽  
Christian Olsson ◽  
Ece Özlem Atikcan
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Inductive Research ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Deductive Research

This chapter explores variables, which are measurable representations. As such, they are located at the interface between theoretical constructs and empirical observations. Deductive research identifies variables by operationalizing abstract concepts, while inductive research typically constructs variables from the observation of units. Irrespective of whether the research is deductive and theory-driven or inductive and empirically driven, variables occupy a central position in research methodology. One of the key features of variables is that they vary across units; any variable can have at least two distinct values (also called attributes). The chapter distinguishes dependent and independent variables before introducing other types of variables and presenting different types of values. It also discusses the epistemological assumptions underlying the notion of variables.

التفسير الموضوعي للقرآن الكريم: مجالاته ومنهجية البحث فيه (Thematic Interpretation of the Qur’Én: Its Scopes & Methodology), (TafsÊr MauÌË‘Ê: Aspek-aspek dan Metodologi Kajian)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
فتحي بن جمعة أحمد
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Thematic Unity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Significant Area

ملخص البحث تعدّ هذه المحاولة في دراسة مجالات التفسير الموضوعي ومنهجية البحث فيه  مفتاحا لبعض القضايا المتعلقة بالموضوع، ومدخلا لدراسة التفسير الموضوعي يسهل على طلاب العلم والباحثين فهم كلام الله، وتدبر معانيه، والاهتداء به، والقيام ببحوث تطبيقية في مجالات التفسير الموضوعي. فقد بينت أن مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي أربعة وهي البحث في المصطلح، والموضوع، والمحاور، والوحدة الموضوعيّة في السورة القرآنيّة. وقد أكدت أن البحث في محاور القرآن الكريم من مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي التي لم تحظَ باهتمام الباحثين، ثم توسعت في سوق الأدلة والبراهين الدالة على أن الوحدة الموضوعية للسورة القرآنيّة مجال أساس من مجالات البحث في التفسير الموضوعي الذي لا ينبغي إغفاله، وإهمال شأنه. ثم بحثت في موضوع منهجيّة البحث في التفسير الموضوعي، ونظراً للخلط أوالاضطراب الذي بدا لدى بعض الباحثين في هذا الصدد، وضحت المقدمات المنهجيّة العامة الضرورية للبحث في التفسير الموضوعي ثم حاولت رسم الإطار التصوري والمنهجي العام والضوابط الأساسية التي يجب أن يتبعها الباحث إذا أراد الكتابة في التفسير الموضوعي. ثم بيّنت الخطوات الأساسيّة للبحث في التفسير الموضوعي ومنها حرية الباحث في اختيار موضوع بحثه والاطلاع على أكبر عدد ممكن من التفاسير بمختلف أنواعها مع الاستفادة من التراث البشري في حقول المعرفة المتنوعة على أن تكون الهيمنة للقرآن أولا وأخيرا على الكتب الأخرى والنظريات البشرية. الكلمات الرئيسة: القرآن، تفسير، موضوعي، مجالات، منهج. Abstract This article is an attempt to address the issue of the scopes and research methodology in the thematic commentary of the Holy Qur’Én. It could be considered as an introductory work for students and researchers who are interested in this field of research which will help them develop a good understanding of the meanings and teachings of the Qur’Én and its application to the real life. It may also help them undertake case studies and research in the field of thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. It has been explained in the article that the scope of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én includes four areas; i.e. the concept, the topic, the central themes and the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter. The article gives a special emphasis on the study of the Qur’Énic central themes as it was overlooked by some researchers. It also provides a systematic investigation on the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter and considers it a significant area of research in the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. The article also addresses the issue of the research methodology in the field of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. In this regard, the author highlights the principles, conditions and framework for undertaking research projects in this field of study and explains the major steps that should be followed in the execution of the research. These steps include freedom of choosing the research topic, freedom of benefitting from different types of tafsÊr (interpretation of the Qur’Én) works and schools and benefitting from the human heritage in different fields of knowledge, provided that the Qur’Én should have controlling power on other books and human theories.   Key Words: The Qur’Én, TafsÊr, Thematic, Scopes, Methodology. Abstrak Artikel ini ialah satu percubaan menangani isu  skop dan metodologi penyelidikan dalam tafsiran Al-Qur’Én Holy mengikut tema. Ia boleh dianggap sebagai satu kajian permulaan untuk pelajar-pelajar dan sarjana-sarjana yang meminati bidang ini penyelidikan yang akan membantu mereka merangka satu pemahaman yang baik tentang makna-makna dan ajaran-ajaran Qur’Én dan perlaksanaannya dalam kehidupan sebenar. Ia mungkin juga  dapat membantu mereka menjalankan kajian kes dalam bidang penyelidikan tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan  skop tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut  tema ini merangkumi empat bidang:  konsep tafsiran mengikut tema, topiknya, tema-tema kecil dan tema umum Surah Al-Qur’Én. Artikel ini memberi satu penekanan khas pada kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut  tema kerana ia agak kurang mendapat perhatian beberapa penyelidik. Ia juga menampilkan satu kajian sistematik pada pemahaman tema Surah dalam Al-Qur’Én dan menganggapnya satu bidang penyelidikan penting dalam kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel juga memberikan perhatian kepada bidang metodologi penyelidikan terhadap usaha tafsiran Al-Qur’Én secara bertema. Dalam hal ini, pengkaji akan menonjolkan prinsip-prinsip, syarat-syarat dan rangka kerja untuk projek-projek projek penyelidikan dalam lapangan ini dan menerangkan langkah-langkah utama yang harus diikuti dalam pelaksanaan penyelidikan yang berkenaan. Lang-langkah ini termasuk kebebasan memilih tajuk penyelidikan, kebebasan dalam mengambil  manfaat daripada jenis-jenis tafsiran Qur’Én yang berbeza serta sekolah-sekolah pemikiran yang berbeza dalam aliran tafsir serta rangka bagaimana memanfaatkan warisan tamadun manusia berlandaskan ajaran Al-Qur’Én. Kata Kunci: Al-Qur’Én, TafsÊr, Tema, Bidang-bidang, Metodologi.

scholarly journals REFLEKSI EPISTIMOLOGI DALAM METODOLOGI PENELITIAN (Suatu Kontemplasi atas Pekerjaan Penelitian)

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saifullah Saifullah
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Building Science ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Quality Of Research

<p>Research methodology is the application of epistemology in philosophical which is realized by logico hypotetico verificative-deducto hypothetico verificative. The results of the evaluation of the quality of the research methodology that gave rise buildings recently become a standard formula valid and tested public. In this context it is necessary scrutiny of the functioning and the importance of pre usability, and value the benefits of the research process so that the quality of research produced a positive impact on building science researchers. The role of the researcher holds a central position of being able to adjust the ground circumstances. Benefit value for the benefit of life as the goal of research in theory and practical should be explicitly and implicitly always accompanies every step of research. A consequence of the value of the benefits of scientific research which is undertaken is delivering research results to the user community. The use of research methodologies in the study strongly influenced the extent of the ability of researchers and scientists at the clump science community are able to map the identity of the building a distinctive methodology of scientific disciplines that is useful for subsequent research.</p> <p>Metodologi Penelitian merupakan penerapan epistimologi secara filsafati yang diwujudkan dengan logico  hypotetico  verificative-deducto  hypothetico  verificative.  Hasil  evaluasi terhadap  kualitas  bangunan  metodologi  penelitian  yang  memunculkan  formula  baru menjadi standar yang valid dan teruji publik. Dalam konteks ini maka perlu pencermatan tentang fungsi dan kegunaan akan pentingnya pra, proses dan nilai manfaat riset agar kualitas riset yang dihasilkan berdampak positif pada bangunan keilmuan peneliti. Peran peneliti  memegang  posisi  sentral  karena  mampu  menyesuaikan  situasi  dan  kondisi lapangan. Nilai kemanfaatan bagi kemaslahatan hidup sebagai tujuan riset secara teoritis dan praktis sebaiknya secara eksplisit dan implisit selalu menyertai setiap langkah riset. Konsekuensi ilmiah dalam nilai manfaat riset yang dilakukan adalah menyampaikan hasilhasil riset ke masyarakat pengguna. Penggunaan metodologi penelitian dalam riset sangat dipengaruhi sejauhmana kemampuan peneliti dan komunitas ilmuan pada rumpun ilmu mampu memetakan jati diri bangunan metodologi disiplin keilmuan yang khas sehingga bermanfaat bagi peneliti berikutnya.</p>

scholarly journals How well do similarity measures predict priming in abstract and concrete concepts?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Montefinese ◽  
Erin Michelle Buchanan ◽  
David Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Association Strength ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Concrete Concepts

Models of semantic representation predict that automatic priming is determined by associative and co-occurrence relations (i.e., spreading activation accounts), or to similarity in words' semantic features (i.e., featural models). Although, these three factors are correlated in characterizing semantic representation, they seem to tap different aspects of meaning. We designed two lexical decision experiments to dissociate these three different types of meaning similarity. For unmasked primes, we observed priming only due to association strength and not the other two measures; and no evidence for differences in priming for concrete and abstract concepts. For masked primes there was no priming regardless of the semantic relation. These results challenge theoretical accounts of automatic priming. Rather, they are in line with the idea that priming may be due to participants’ controlled strategic processes. These results provide important insight about the nature of priming and how association strength, as determined from word-association norms, relates to the nature of semantic representation.

scholarly journals Drawing with Metaphors. Mediating ideational content in drawing through metaphors

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berit Ingebrethsen
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Educational Issue ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
George Lakoff ◽  
The Subject

It is not easy to express abstract concepts, such as time and society, in a drawing. The subject of this article is rooted in the educational issue of visually expressing themes represented by abstract concepts. However, it is possible to find means and devices to express such ideas. This article shows how metaphors can be used to express such ideas visually. Cognitive linguistic research argues that metaphors are crucial in the verbal communication of abstract concepts. This article also attempts to show that metaphors are important in visual communication. The cognitive linguistic metaphor theory of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson is used here to investigate how metaphors are used to construct meaning in the drawings of cartoonist and illustrator Finn Graff and artist Saul Steinberg. The article presents a few examples of how visual devices structure the abstract concept of time. It then proceeds to explain how symbols function as metonymies and provides an overview of the different types of metaphors and how they are used to express meaning in drawings. The article concludes by attempting to provide new insights regarding the use of visual metaphors.

scholarly journals Turn Taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show "Ragu-Ragu Perpu" Episode: A Conversational Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Firdaus Habibi ◽  
Didin Nuruddin Hidayat ◽  
Alek Alek
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
Talk Show ◽  
Analysis Theory ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Key Features

The present research aims to investigate the key features of turn taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of rules of law). In addition, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between speaker to listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Moreover, The authors utilize a qualitative research methodology by applying a descriptive analysis in the research. To collect the data, the authors select the specific types of turn-taking occured between. In analyzing the data, the authors implemented Jacob L. Mey analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. The results indicated that the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterences express the existance of interruptions, while 16 lucutors show the overlapping. Moreover, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Within the context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors. In conclusion, interruption and overlapping are the two features of turn-taking mostly occured during the conversation.

Brush Development for Ship Hull Grooming

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa E. Tribou ◽  
Geoffrey Swain
Keyword(s):  
Normal Force ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Ship Hull ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Method

Ship hull grooming is proposed as an environmentally friendly method of controlling fouling on ship hulls. It is defined as the frequent and gentle cleaning of a coating when the ship is idle to prevent the Establishment of fouling. Prior research by Tribou and Swain has evaluated the effectiveness of different methods and the frequency of grooming on different types of ship hull coatings. It was found that vertical rotating cup style Brushes provided the best method to maintain the coatings in a smooth and fouling free condition. This study investigated brush design and operational parameters in relationship to normal forces imparted by the brushes to the surface. A brush stiffness factor was developed and the independent variables for brush design non-dimensionalized for the normal force. A load cell was used to measure the forces imparted by different brushes and the models were validated using these non-dimensional terms. The knowledge gained by these studies will be used to optimize brush design for the implementation of grooming.

Qualitative and Mixed-Method Approaches

2015 ◽  
pp. 147-166
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Field Observation ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Inductive Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Deductive Research

In this chapter, the juxtaposition and interconnection of deductive and inductive research methods are explored. Qualitative, inductive empirical tools are discussed in depth, specifically in-depth interviews, focus groups, and field observation. Students will learn how these methods are used to generate hypotheses, which can ultimately be tested using deductive research methods. The structure of inductive research questions, and how they differ from deductive research questions, is further addressed, as is how a researcher “makes sense” of qualitative data.

The Unit of Analysis and Variables

2015 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Deductive Research

In this chapter, students will learn how to identify the unit of analysis of a deductive research question. In addition, the concept of variables is discussed. Three different types of variables are presented. By the end of this chapter, students will be able to identify and define the dependent, independent, and extraneous variables related to a given research question. Numerous examples are presented throughout.

scholarly journals Interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with types of aggression

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
AKM Rezanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urban Rural

Attempts were made to examine the interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggressive behaviour. The independent variables were gender, residence and socio-economic status. Different types of the behaviour include physical, verbal, anger, hostile and indirect aggression. A total of 240 respondents between 13 and 16 years of age constituted the sample of the study. The Measure of Aggressive Behaviour (MAB) was used for data collection. The study utilized a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of gender (male/female), two levels of residential background (urban/rural), and three levels of socio-economic status (high/middle/low). The results were computed on each dimension separately using t-tests. The findings revealed interactive relations of gender, residence and social stratification with different types of aggression. Key words: Aggression; antisocial behaviour; gang related violence; autism; attention deficit disorder DOI: 10.3329/jles.v2i2.7500 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 2(2) 67-74, 2007

The glomerulus and the concept of glomerulonephritis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Woywodt ◽  
Diana Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Glomerular Disease ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Glomerular Diseases ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The 1960S

The key features of glomerular diseases—haematuria, proteinuria, loss of glomerular filtration rate, and hypertension—were recognized in the nineteenth century, and some earlier, but Richard Bright is usually given credit for synthesizing the concepts of renal disease, and glomerulonephritis came under the heading of Bright’s disease for almost a century. Separation into different types was based on first clinical syndromes, but in the early twentieth century, pathological description was improving and with the introduction of percutaneous renal biopsies in the 1950s, in the 1960s histopathological definitions assumed the ascendancy. A unifying classification of glomerular disease remains work in progress. Current classifications are pathologically based but increasingly include the results of other investigations (including genotype and a variety of immunological and other tests). This chapter follows this pragmatic, hybrid approach, categorizing glomerular disease by pattern on renal biopsy except where aetiological factors are clearly identified (e.g. HIV nephropathy), or associated multisystem disease is defined (e.g. lupus nephritis), or the immunopathogenesis is well characterized (e.g. antiglomerular basement membrane disease).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document