Introduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Right

This text explores the main questions of political philosophy and looks at some of the most influential answers, from the ancient Greeks to the present day. Each chapter takes on a particular question or controversy. The natural starting-point is political power, the right to command. The first chapter considers the question of what would happen in a ‘state of nature’ without government, while the second tackles the problem of political obligation. The third chapter is concerned with democracy, asking whether a state should be democratic, for example, or whether there is any rationale for preferring rule by the people to rule by an expert. The next two chapters deal with liberty and property. The text concludes by focusing on questions that have drawn greater attention in more recent decades, such as issues of gender, race, disability, sexual orientation, immigration, global justice, and justice to future generations.

Deleuze and the Third World

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-265
Author(s):  
Alex Taek-Gwang Lee
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Third World ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Representation Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third World

The purpose of this essay is to discuss Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the Third World. For Deleuze and Guattari, however, the Third World is not only a geographical term, but also one that denotes the linguistic zones, another term of the minority. The essay argues that the concept of the Third World is related to minor literature, the minor or intense use of language. This ‘transcendental exercise’ of writing is an opposition to the initial purpose of language, namely representation. Language must escape from its normative usage, and then be liberated to a new spatio-temporality, in other words, the linguistic Third World zones. My conclusion is that the creation of Third World linguistic zones is the repetition of differences against the generalisation of representation, such as becoming non-human and non-European, not in imitation of the molar form of the animal or a non-continent extending terrestrial power into the ocean, but as the right way to invent the people missing in the Third World. Inventing the people of the Third World is the right condition in which alternative political subjects can be produced through desubjectification, not domestication, by capitalist axiomatics. In this way, Deleuze's political philosophy aims to use the virtual politics of the Third World to radicalise the actual representation of the existing Left.

Nikias, Epimenides and the Question of Omissions in Thucydides

1989 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Herman
Keyword(s):  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Full Swing

Our starting point is a somewhat obscure incident which has lately attracted some attention. The year is 429 B.C., and the place is Athens in the third year of the Peloponnesian war. The plague, which had broken out only a year before, was still claiming its victims. Yet military operations were in full swing, and the general Phormio operating in the Corinthian gulf against a Peloponnesian fleet was able to score an impressive victory. The Lacedaemonians were deeply dissatisfied. This was the first sea-fight they had been engaged in, and they found it hard to believe that their fleet was so much inferior to that of the Athenians. They dispatched three advisers to Knemos, the admiral in charge, instructing them to make better preparations for another sea-fight. Additional ships were solicited from the allies, and those already at hand were prepared for battle. It is at this point that the incident in question occurred. Not to prejudge the issue, I quote the text in full leaving the controversial phrases untranslated:4. And Phormio on his part sent messengers to Athens to give information of the enemy's preparations and to tell about the battle which they had won, urging them also to send to him speedily (δι⋯ τ⋯χους) as many ships as possible, since there was always a prospect that a battle might be fought any day.5. So they sent him twenty ships, but gave τῷ δ⋯ κυμ⋯ξοντι special orders to sail first to Crete. Nικ⋯ας γ⋯ρ Kρ⋯ς Γορτ⋯νιος πρ⋯ξενος ⋯ν persuaded them (αὺτο⋯ς) to sail against Cydonia, a hostile town, promising to bring it over to the Athenians; but he was really asking them to intervene to gratify the people of Polichne, who are neighbours of the Cydonians.6. So ⋯ μ⋯ν λαβὼν τ⋯ς να⋯ς. went to Crete, and helped the Polichnitans to ravage the lands of the Cydonians, and by reason of winds and stress of weather wasted not a little time.

Nothing Personal

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Stout
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The People ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Right ◽  
The French Revolution

Chapter four looks at Charles Dickens’s 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities. By examining parallels between the novel and Robespierre’s political philosophy, this chapter argues that Dickens’s novel understands the French Revolution not as an event that gave individuals the right of self-governance but as the event that formalized a conception of citizenship in which individual persons stand as avatars for the national will. The Revolutionary Terror and the guillotine are thus seen as the logical consequence of a theory of the nation that prioritized the People over individual persons.

L'État-nation, Une forme de fermeture sociale

1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Critical Examination ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The study begins with a critical examination of two opposing, theories of nationalism. Next, the relationship between the State and nationalism in the form of the nation state is seen as a process of social formation during which a compromise is established between public and private elites, and the people: loyalty is exchanged for the right to participate in social rights. In the third part, the author considers the future of a number of Southern states in relation to the fundamentals of nation formation.

Rationing, austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sustained Effort ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTThe general election of 1945 is described as ‘the Waterloo of the Conservative party’. Yet, in 1951 the Conservatives returned to power and were to remain in office for thirteen years. The purpose of this article is to examine this transformation in electoral fortunes. Labour's defeat in 1951 is usually explained in terms of government fatigue, redistribution, and Liberal disintegration. It is argued here that the Conservative party was not just a passive beneficiary of these developments. Rather, the 1951 result was the outcome of a sustained effort since 1946 to regain the initiative and political power. The Conservatives were actively engaged in forging an anti-socialist coalition focused on disaffection with austerity, rationing and controls on which the party's recovery after 1945 is based.The discussion is divided into four sections. The first outlines the extent of shortages, establishes the significance of this issue in political debate, and identifies the social groups most affected. Part two traces the swing to the right from 1947 onwards and the third section explores Conservative propaganda in opposition to rationing, austerity and controls. The final part examines the party's assessment of the electoral task, its monitoring of public opinion, and the range of techniques employed to rally support.

scholarly journals On Dr. Stockmann’s Parrhesia: Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People in the Light of Foucault

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Mohammad-Javad Haj’jari ◽  
Noorbakhsh Hooti
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
The People ◽  
Final Failure ◽  
The Right

Abstract An honest intellectual dutifully standing with truth against lies and treacheries of his society is a parrhesiastic figure in Foucault’s terminology. Foucault takes parrhesia as the fearless and frank speech regarding the truth of something or a situation before truthmongering and public deception and he takes the parrhesiastic as the spokesperson for truth. In this light, Dr. Stockmann in Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People occupies a unique position within Ibsen’s political philosophy. Dutifully criticizing what the majority blindly take for granted from their liar leaders in the name of democracy, Dr. Stockmann fulfills the role of a parrhesiastic figure that stands against socio-political corruption. He enters a parrhesiastic game with both the majority and the officialdom to fulfill his democratic parrhesia as a truthful citizen before the duped community, while covertly preparing for his own philosophic parrhesia or self-care within the conformist community. However, his final failure lies in his confrontation with democracy itself, which wrongly gives the right of speaking even to the liars. This article thus aims at analyzing Ibsen’s play through a Foucauldian perspective regarding the concept of parrhesia and its relation to democracy. It is to reveal Ibsen’s satire on the fake ideology of democracy and highlight the necessity of humanity’s parrhesiastic self-care for the well-being of the self and the others.

scholarly journals The Effects of Judical Bodies’ Interpretation Forms Of Legal Rules in Turkey on the Education Freedom in Universities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Yavuz GÜLOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The People ◽  
Freedom Of Belief ◽  
Turkish Constitution ◽  
Administrative Jurisdiction ◽  
The Right

The freedom of conscience and belief can be defined as the freedom of people in what they wish to believe without the compulsion of political power and other people by means of laws and other means. The belief of religion that can be accepted as the natural extension of the freedom of conscience and belief is to be free in doing the requirements of the religion that the people believe in with its rituals. While it is not possible and effective to make restrictions in freedom of belief, today, there are some restrictions in some judical systems in freedom of worship. With the principle of secularism which is settled among the principles that the alteration of which are not even be proposed, there have been some different decisions about the administrative acts that cause the violation of belief and worship freedom in the implementation of the right of education which is secured with Constitutional Law in Turkish Constitution. In this study, the effects of the incompatible decisions of administrative jurisdiction about the implementations of the administration related to the education right of students at universities, which is secured by the Fundemental Law, on the freedom of education, especially for the last ten years, will be examined.

scholarly journals Current situation of LGTBI community in Spain. A legislative analysis about recognized rights and protection of victims of discrimination based on sexual orientation and / or gender identity or expression

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-164
Author(s):  
Cristina R. Córdoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right

The last decades have meant an advance in the rights and legal protections of LGTBI community however real equality has not yet been achieved. Societies have discrimination against LGTBI community in all areas especially in the workplace, where they have high rates of unemployment and prostitution. These discriminations end in attacks against people based on their sexual orientation and/or gender identity or expression. These are the third more frequent in hate crimes. In addition to national and regional laws in force Spain has two bills whose objective is to achieve real equality in LGTBI matters and to recognize the right of gender self-determination at the national level. The primary objective of that research is to analyze the current situation of LGTBI community in Spain in legal matters.

FAULT-FREE ECONOMICS: PROPHETIC PERSPECTIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Primary Objective ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The People ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Holy Man

Allah commanded the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) to inform the people in the following way: O' my people, do you see whether I am on the (right) reason from my Lord Who provided me with the best subsistence, and I only intend to reform as far as possible, and whatever my capacities are, they are from Allah upon whom I have trust and revert to Him (for guidance and help.) In this verse, the Qur'an has given the words that Hazrat Shoaib (A.S) used for the reformation of his nation. This also makes obvious the fact that the primary objective of the advent of Messengers has been the reformation of society. This great reformatory work was performed from Hazrat Adam (A.S.) up till Hazrat Isa according to the prevalent situation of their times. But after these holy personalities, their followers tampered with their teachings. Subsequently a personality was sent (by Allah) who in the light of the divine teachings pledged to reform not only his own people but the whole world. This holy man was Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) who came to this world fourteen hundred and sixty years ago as Mercy for All the Worlds By virtue of his magnanimity, he turned the darkness of the world into light. He reformed the society, uprooting all the evils of the human society, in such a manner that this society, corrupt for centuries, instantly turned into one that became exemplary for future generations. In other words, he, Muhammad (p.b.u.h) reformed the worst society of the world successfully, effectively and in a very short period of time.

Decree Powers and Constitutional Law in France under the Third Republic

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Kirchheimer
Keyword(s):  
Third Republic ◽  
General Character ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Emergency Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rule Making

In the World War period and after, the use of extraordinary powers by the executive for legislative purposes became so widespread in Europe that constitutional theorists began to find it convenient to give up the doctrine of legislative supremacy. The constitutional basis for these extraordinary powers has been found in one of two ways: either the parliament may authorize the government to exercise certain legislative functions by way of delegation, or certain provisions in the constitution may be interpreted as giving the executive the right under certain circumstances not only to take specific administrative steps, but also to issue rules of a more general character. In either case, the question invariably arises as to how far the delegation of power may go, or as to the degree to which alleged constitutional emergency provisions may be used to supersede parliamentary legislation.In France, no constitutional emergency power is provided in the “organic” laws of 1875 which could give a starting point for independent rule-making activity. A law of April 3, 1878, defined very closely the conditions under which a state of siege may be declared and surrounded such a declaration with elaborate provisions for parliamentary supervision. It is apparent that this statute does not allow the government to decree rules of a general character.

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