scholarly journals 1476Assessment of Compliance to Indian Tobacco Control Legislation in Northern Hilly State of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Mean Compliance

Abstract Background Parliament of India enacted an act to prohibit advertisement of, and to provide for the regulation of trade and commerce in, and production, supply and distribution of cigarettes and other tobacco products – COTPA. It has been now more than 15 years of this act is in place and there is need to evaluated compliance of COTPA throughout India, this will help stakeholders and policy makers to understand current implementation status. Aim & Objective: To assess the compliance to COTPA across all districts of a Northern Hilly State of India, Uttarakhand. Methodology Study Setting: All 13 districts of a Northern Hilly State of India, Uttarakhand. Study Design: Sequential mixed methods study design. Study Period: 06 months (March – August 2019). Geographical Scope (Venues of visit) and Study Population: For Section 4: All the potential public places in each district were divided into 5 broad categories: Eateries; Offices/banks; Educational Institutions; Health Care Facilities; Transit Stations For Section 5, 6 (a), 7, 8 &9: All the points of sale; For Section 6 (b): all educational institutions Quantitative - School going adolescent's students aged 14 – 16 years (class 8th to 10th) enrolled in educational institutions and tobacco product point of sale and its vendors near the educational institution. Survey Tools: Total six survey checklist were used in the survey along with a semi structured questionnaire for students in educational institutions regarding their tobacco use status. A Global Positioning System (GPS) tool to geolocate educational institute and POS within 500 meters of educational institution. All the study tools from 1-6 were created using Open Data Kit (University of Washington) software or EpiCollect5 software and data collection was done using tablets. Ethical Consideration: This survey was an unobtrusive observational study. Hence no prior informed consent from the vendors was taken for making the observation. Along-with, the prior permission was taken from the concerned health authorities (in this case State Tobacco Control Society) for conduction of this survey. Result The overall compliance to all Sections of COTPA (based upon mean of major compliance indicators) - 75.1. The mean compliance to major indicators of Section 4 of COTPA – 59.4%; Section 5 of COTPA -93.8%; Section6(a) of COTPA -83.2%; Section6(b) of COTPA -66.6%; Section 7,8,9 of COTPA -72.3%. Compliance to health warning present on packs were recognized in most of the packs in rural areas (82.2%) and urban areas (81.4%). Compliance with display of no promotional messages was 15.4% in rural. Among different type of tobacco products (PoS), Foreign Made Cigarettes were found to be more compliant (87.0%) while Foreign Made Cigars of tobacco was least compliant (45.8%) to major compliance indicators of Section 6 (a) of COTPA. Conclusions Overall compliance to COPTA was above 80%. Keywords Prevention and Care - Policy and Community Interventions This survey has been funded by State Tobacco Control Cell, Government of Uttarakhand.

scholarly journals AKREDITASI SEKOLAH SEBAGAI ELAN VITAL PENINGKATAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Hatta Fakhrurrozi
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Accreditation ◽  
National Education System

The National Education System, as a reference for implementing education in Indonesia, has a role as a minimum standardization of educational institutions that are currently developing in Indonesia. National Education System is a basic reference for the education system that has developed in various societies, related to curriculum, educational models, institutional standards, output standards and teacher standards. National Education System is important because without national standards, education in Indonesia will experience extraordinary inequality between urban areas and rural areas or disadvantaged areas. National Education System must be understood as a generally accepted minimum standard. Related to that, the government through the National Accreditation Board tries to control the quality of outputs and performance of educational institutions in various regions by using minimum standards that can be applied in the regions. Every educational institution needs a useful assessment to evaluate the performance of an educational institution. In general, the assessment aims to find out the deficiencies that exist in order to be repaired or developed in the future. This article seeks to discuss the role of the National Accreditation Board in improving the quality of education in Indonesia.

Entrepreneurship Education and Economic Development in Nigeria: Policy Issues and Options

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Nnadozie Udefuna ◽  
Chiedo Akalefu ◽  
Chinako Asogwa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Vital Component

The standard of education in Nigeria has been declining, the level of unemployment continues to rise and the nation's economic development is stagnant. Its educational institutions appear to engage more in unproductive paperwork and teaching than in entrepreneurship education that would help to equip young graduates to become self-employed and employers. In 2011 some 24% of Nigerians were jobless, with unemployment rates of over 17% in urban areas and nearly 26% in rural areas. A productive education system is a vital component of a developed economy, but in Nigeria the education sector has long suffered from neglect. Corruption, poor continuity in government and a dearth of qualified personnel in the teaching profession are some of the principal impediments. The authors recommend a review of the country's educational policies so that these policies can be made responsive to social and economic needs.

Perception of Learning Among Students From India Set Against the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Felix Bast
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Student Perception ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Self Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Populous Country

India is the second-most populous country in the world. There had been a tremendous shift towards online learning through the Indian government's digital initiatives in general, and during COVID-19 lockdown in particular. An online self-report survey (n = 1318) was conducted to assess students' perception of online learning in this changed situation in comparison with traditional classroom learning. The study analysed eight independent variables on student perception towards online learning (e.g., gender, nature of the settlement, economic background, religiosity, primary electronic device, technology-receptiveness, age, and educational institution), with each of these variables forming respective research hypotheses. Results revealed several exciting facets of student perceptions. Receptiveness towards online learning was significantly higher for students from urban areas compared with rural areas. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, and the findings are contextualized in a broader perspective.

Dual Burden of Smoked and Smokeless Tobacco Use in India, 2009–2017: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis Based on Global Adult Tobacco Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2196-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Kumar Singh ◽  
Amit Yadav ◽  
Pranay Lal ◽  
Dhirendra N Sinha ◽  
Prakash C Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Dual Burden

Abstract Introduction The dual use of smoked and smokeless tobacco (SLT) poses a serious challenge to tobacco control efforts. This article examines the trends and patterns of this usage in India during the period 2009–2010 and 2016–2017. Methods Data from two rounds of nationally representative cross-sectional Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in 2009–2010 and 2016–2017 have been used. Dual use was assessed based on current smokers and SLT users in both rounds. Results Findings reveal that dual use in India has dropped from 5.3% during 2009–2010 to 3.4% during 2016–2017, a decline of nearly 10 million dual users. However, some states have added nearly 4.6 million new dual users during this period. While dual use continues to remain high in rural areas, there has been a manifold increase in urban areas. Findings revealed that intention to quit tobacco was lower among dual tobacco users as compared to single users with considerable difference between urban and rural areas. Conclusion Easy availability and affordability of SLT products compared to smoking products and restrictions on smoking in public places may have pushed current smokers and dual users to take to or intensify their SLT consumption. Measures relating to awareness, pricing, taxation, and enforcement of tobacco control laws should focus on all forms of tobacco, especially targeting high dual burden in rural and urban settings. Implications Dual form of tobacco users represent 12% of all tobacco users in the country. The study reveals that intention to quit tobacco among dual users is significantly lower than that among single tobacco product users. This requires improving public awareness about the morbidity and mortality that arises from the use of all forms of tobacco products. Efforts to restrict the availability of tobacco products should focus on licensing the sale of all tobacco products. Reduction in dual tobacco use will not only result in multiplied health benefits but also help in achieving the Non-Communicable Diseases targets under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Anti-Tobacco Laws in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Abdullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Usage Control ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Harmful Effects

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and death. It is the global public health concern. In Bangladesh it is related to the tradition and also consider as a taboo of the society, that’s why people are not conscious about the harmful effects of the tobacco. The women, children and aged people are in high risk of the probable effects of tobacco. The cultivation of the tobacco also damage, displaced and unfertile the soil and putting harmful effects on environment, economy and social norms. There different patterns of tobacco as smoked or smokeless tobacco consumption (SLT). The urban people a little bit concern about the smoked tobacco rather than smokeless tobacco and the rural people have no idea about the harmful effects on smoked and smokeless tobacco. In rural areas it’s the tradition of smokeless tobacco consuming. The passive smoking also put the non-smoker specially child and aged person in high health risk. To prevent such situation Bangladesh signed the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003 and ratifies in 2004 respectively and enacted laws such as “Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage (Control) Act 2005 (Amendment 2013) and related rules in 2015 as “The Smoking and Tobacco products Usage (Control) Rules 2015 and also includes some other Metropolitan Acts. The HC Division also banned the advertisement of all forms of tobacco and tobacco products by the case of Pro. Nurul Islam case (2000). This dissertation analysis the harmful effects of the tobacco usages and smoked and smokeless tobacco on Public Health, Social and Environment. This dissertation analysis the present status of tobacco control in Bangladesh and existing laws regarding to the tobacco control in Bangladesh as well. This research also examines the leading case – Prof. Nurul Islam Case for the banning of the advertisement of tobacco products as well as landmark guidelines from the High Court Division. This dissertation also analysis the loopholes of existing anti-tobacco laws in Bangladesh as well as the comparison of the legal provisions existing laws with the Indian existing laws. This dissertation also examines the activities of the government and different kinds of NGOs in Bangladesh. And lastly fifth and sixth chapter deals with the findings and recommendations that need to be implemented.

scholarly journals Perception of Online Learning Among Students From India Set Against the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Bast
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Device Technology

India is the second-most populous country in the world. There had been a tremendous shift towards online learning through Indian Government’s digital initiatives in general, and during COVID-19 lockdown in particular. An online self-report survey (n = 1,318) was conducted to assess students’ perception of online learning in this changed situation in comparison with traditional classroom learning. The study analysed eight independent variables on student’s perception towards online learning, viz., gender, nature of the settlement, economic background, religiosity, primary electronic device, technology-receptiveness, age, and educational institution, with each of these variables forming respective research hypotheses. Results revealed several exciting facets of students’ perceptions. Receptiveness towards online learning was significantly higher for students from urban areas compared with rural areas. Possible reasons for these results are discussed, impediments to student’s motivation with digital education are identified and the findings are contextualized in a broader perspective.

Access to Continuing Education for Critical Care Nurses in Rural or Remote Settings

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori Hendrickx ◽  
Charlene Winters
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Critical Care Nurses ◽  
Skilled Nursing ◽  
Wide Range

Caring for the critically ill does not occur solely in large medical centers or urban areas. Nurses practicing in rural or remote settings practice as nurse generalists, caring for a wide range of patients, including those needing critical care. As a nurse generalist, the need for a wide variety of skill sets challenges nurses in rural areas to maintain current practice through continuing education across many content areas. They also may not come in contact with critically ill patients or emergent situations as often as their urban counterparts, which can make remaining comfortable with more advanced skills difficult. Because nurses working in rural or remote areas may care for critically ill patients less often, the need to remain vigilant in pursuit of continuing education is increased; however, access to continuing education can be problematic because of geographic isolation, difficulty getting time off from work, limited financial resources, and perceived lack of applicable topics. With advances in technology, critical care nurses working in rural areas have more options for continuing education, which is crucial for maintaining a skilled nursing workforce in rural health care facilities. This article addresses challenges critical care nurses working in remote or rural areas face in pursuing continuing education and provides information about available educational opportunities.

scholarly journals The Roles and Capabilities of Formal, Non-Formal, and Informal Institutions in Shaping Education Access in Cigugur Sub-district, West Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 696-708
Author(s):  
Michelle Lim ◽  
Lucky Permana ◽  
Vinsensius Billy Hongo ◽  
Kanaya Kiandra ◽  
Kathryn Nabasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Local Churches ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills

The objective of this research paper is to explore the capacities of formal, non-formal, and informal educational institutions, as parts of social institutions. The roles of these institutions will be assessed within the urban, middle, and rural areas of Cigugur sub-district in Kuningan. This research uses qualitative methods, comprising interview and 1-month participant observation in the field. From this research, it was found that the education access in the urban areas of Cigugur boasts an abundance of formal education, in which the skills that were shaped are literacy and communication skills. On the other hand, the middle - areas, which lack formal education, rely on non-formal institutions (such as the local churches and local Islamic organizations (pesantren) to shape ethical and entrepreneurship education through a series of communal meetings. In fact, due to the rare availability of formal education in the rural areas, knowledge spillover from older to younger generations is delivered through informal conversations to shape basic entrepreneurial skills in their informal businesses. The academic contribution of this article is to illuminate the different roles and capabilities of social institutions to deliver different access to education in their various geographical contexts.

scholarly journals Gambaran Akses Pelayanan Kesehatan pada Balita di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Zainul Khaqiqi Nantabah ◽  
Zulfa Auliyati A ◽  
Agung Dwi Laksono
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
The Rich

ABSTRAK Anak balita merupakan periode masa yang disebut golden age. Akses pelayanan kesehatan untuk kelompok ini menjadi perhatian karena kesinambungan hidup pada kelompok tersebut menjadi salah satu tolok ukur pembangunan kesehatan. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut data Riskesdas 2013, yang disajikan secara deskriptif kuantitatif. Analisis dilakukan pada variabel-variabel cakupan kunjungan balita ke pelayanan kesehatan. Pelayanan kesehatan dimaksud adalah Rumah Sakit, Puskesmas/Pustu, Praktik Dokter/Klinik, dan Polindes/Praktik Bidan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balita yang tinggal di perkotaan dan pada kelompok kaya dan sangat kaya memiliki akses yang lebih baik di Rumah Sakit dan praktik dokter/klinik pada akses rawat jalan dan rawat inap. Sementara mereka yang tinggal di perdesaan dan pada kelompok miskin memiliki akses yang lebih baik ke Puskesmas/Pustu dan Polindes/praktik bidan baik di rawat jalan maupun rawat inap. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa balita yang tinggal di perkotaan dan pada kelompok kaya memiliki akses yang lebih baik pada pelayanan kesehatan rujukan, sementara mereka yang tinggal di perdesaan dan pada kelompok miskin memiliki akses yang lebih baik di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dasar. Kata kunci: akses, pelayanan kesehatan, balita   ABSTRACT Toddler is a period of time called golden age. Access to health services for this group is a concern because the continuity of life in the group is one of the benchmarks for health development. This research is an advance analysis of the Riskesdas 2013, which is presented in quantitative descriptive manner. Analysis was carried out on the variables of coverage of toddler visits to health services. The intended health services are hospitals, health center/Pustu, doctor/clinic, and Polindes/midwife, both on outpatient visits and inpatients. The results showed that toddlers who lived in urban areas and in the rich and very rich groups had better access in hospitals and doctor/clinic practices on access to outpatient and inpatient care. While those who live in rural areas and the poor have better access to health center/Pustu and Polindes/ midwives both in outpatient and inpatient care. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that toddlers who live in urban areas and in rich groups have better access to referral health services, while those who live in rural areas and in poor groups have better access to basic health care facilities. Keyword: access, health services, toddler

scholarly journals Cigarette Prices in Rural and Urban Ohio: Effects of Census Tract Demographics

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 37S-43S
Author(s):  
Brittney Keller-Hamilton ◽  
Amy K. Ferketich ◽  
Micah Berman ◽  
Erika Conrad ◽  
Megan E. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Cigarette Prices

The prevalence of smoking among rural Americans and Americans of lower socioeconomic status (SES) remains higher than among their urban and higher SES counterparts. Potential factors contributing to these disparities are area-based differences in the retail environment and tobacco control policies. We describe the association between neighborhood demographics and cigarette prices in rural and urban areas. Prices of one pack of Marlboro Reds, Newport menthols, and the cheapest cigarettes in the store were recorded from a stratified random sample of tobacco retailers in urban (N = 104) and rural (N = 109) Ohio in 2016. Associations between prices and census tract demographics (SES and race) were modeled separately in each region, controlling for store type. In the rural region, as the census tract income increased, the price of Marlboro and Newport cigarettes decreased, and the price of the cheapest pack of cigarettes increased. In the urban region, as the census tract income and percentage of White non-Hispanic people increased, the price of Marlboro decreased; there were no associations between census tract characteristics and the price of Newports or the cheapest cigarettes. Results describe a complex association between cigarette brand, prices, and area characteristics, where the cheapest brands of cigarettes can be obtained for the lowest prices in lower SES rural areas. Tobacco control policies that raise the price of cheap cigarettes, particularly minimum price laws, have the potential to reduce SES-related smoking disparities in both rural and urban populations.

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